chapter 1 introduction. architecture & organization 1 architecture is those attributes visible...
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Chapter 1Introduction
Architecture & Organization 1
• Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer—Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
—e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are implemented—Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.—e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
done by repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization 2
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility—At least backwards
• Organization differs between different versions
Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
Function
• All computer functions are:—Data processing—Data storage—Data movement—Control
Functional View
• The computer must be able to process data. The data could be in a variety of forms.
• It is also essential that the computer can store data.
• The computer could also able to move data between itself and the outside worl.
• The computer must control the process, storing data and move data.
Operations (a) Data movement
Operations (b) Storage
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
Operation (d)Processing from storage to I/O
Structure - Top Level
Computer
Main Memory
InputOutput
SystemsInterconnection
Peripherals
Communicationlines
CentralProcessing Unit
Computer
Structure - The CPU
Computer Arithmeticand Login Unit
ControlUnit
Internal CPUInterconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
SystemBus
CPU
• Control Processing Unit: control the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions, often simply referred to a processor.
• Main memory : stores data.• I/O: moves data between the computer
and its external environment.• System Interconnection: There should be
a mechanism for communication among CPU, main memory, I/O.
Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
ControlMemory
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
SequencingLogin
ControlUnit
ALU
Registers
InternalBus
Control Unit
• Major structural components:—Control Unit: controls the operations of the
CPU and hence the computers.—ALU: Performs the computer’s data processing
functions.—Registers: Provides storage internal to the
CPU.—CPU interconnection: probably the best
example is bus system.
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