chapter 1 intro. to a&p. intro to a&p anatomy – physiology – deals with functions &...

CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P

Intro to A&P

• Anatomy –

• Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate

Levels of Organization

• Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization:• Atom- particles which make up matter• Organelle-• Cell- basic unit of structure and function• Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or

masses that have specific functions.• Organs-• Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely

together• Organism-

Levels of Organization

Requirements of Living Organisms

1. Water2. 3. Oxygen4. 5.

Water

•Used in metabolic reactions-

•Necessary for transport•Body temperature regulation

Food

• Supplies energy• Supplies raw materials

Oxygen

• Used to release energy from food in cellular respiration

Heat (a product of metabolism)

•Determines

•Most body heat is produced by themuscular system

Pressure (an application of force)

Two types:

Atmospheric – the force exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface; necessary for breathing

• Hydrostatic –

Homeostasis• Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced

internal environment

• Use homeostatic mechanisms:• Receptors-

• Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F)• Effectors-

Negative Feedback

• Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point)

• Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level

Blood Glucose Level

Homeostasis - Positive Feedback

• Definition –

• Examples – blood clotting, breastfeeding, childbirth

Anatomical Terminology

• Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.

Anatomical Position

When these terms are used, it is assumed the body is in Anatomical position:• Standing • Facing forward

• Palms facing forward

Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part

w/respect to another

• Superior vs. Inferior

• Anterior vs. Posterior

• Medial vs. Lateral

• Distal vs. Proximal

More Anatomical Positions

• Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral

• Deep vs. Superficial • Peripheral

Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe

locations of organs

•

Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two:1. Dorsal – has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes:

- Nasal - - Oral - Middle ear

- Sinuses b. Vertebral -

- includes s.c.

Major Body Cavities2. Ventral – has 2 smaller cavities:

a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity –

MediastinumMediastinum – the space separating the two lungs;includes:

- pericardial cavity –

DiaphragmDiaphragm – separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities b.Abdominopelvic - includes:- abdominal cavity -- pelvic cavity -

Body Cavities

Membranes

• 2 types:1. visceral – covers an organ2. parietal –

• Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities:• Example – visceral pleura

parietal peritoneum

Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things)

•Movement

• Growth• Reproduction

Characteristics of Life

• Digestion

• Circulation

• Excretion

Together. these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)

Organ Systems (11 total)• Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs

(hair, nails and sweat glands). • Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory

receptors• Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage• Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue.• Production of blood cells

• Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and tracheatrachea• Exchange gases between air and bloodExchange gases between air and blood

• Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs.organs.• Production of new organismsProduction of new organisms

• Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glandsglands• Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic functionSecrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

Organ Systems

• Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement.

• Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves• Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands

• Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood. • Transports products throughout body.

• Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen• Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from

digestive tract.

Organ Systems

• Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines.• Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed.

• Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra• Remove waste from blood and maintain water

balance

Review• Membranes

Review – Relative PositionsReview – Relative Positions

1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm.2. The lungs are ______ to the heart.2. The lungs are ______ to the heart.3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach.4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder.5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries.6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae.7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea.8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.