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Chapter 1: Why Study Computers and Digital Technology?
Succeeding with Technology: Second Edition
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Objectives
Define how digital electronics devices and computers are related, and provide descriptions of the different types of computers
Provide an explanation of the fundamentals of telecommunications, computer networking, the Internet, and wireless networking
Describe the five functional areas in which computers assist people most
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Objectives (continued)
Discuss the four primary types of information systems and how they are used
Discuss how computers are used in a variety of fields, and why studying computer systems can benefit you professionally
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Objectives (continued)
Discuss how computers are used to assist people in their life outside of work
Define information security, and discuss ways in which digital technologies are impacting humanity
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What is a Computer?
Computer Digital electronics device Combines hardware and software to
Accept data input, process and store the data, and produce useful output
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Digital Technology
Technology Tools, materials, and processes that help solve
human problems Digital electronics device
Any device that stores and processes bits electronically
Bit Data using technologies that can be set to one of
two states
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Digital Technology (continued) Byte
Group of eight bits File
Named collection of instructions Data
Items stored on a digital electronics device Information
Data organized and presented in a manner that has additional value beyond value of data itself
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Computer Functions
Hardware Tangible components of a computer system or
digital device Software
Comprises the electronic instructions that govern the computer system’s functioning
Special-purpose computers Typically referred to by the type of computing they
perform
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Types of Computers
Personal computer, or PC General-purpose computer designed to
accommodate the many needs of an individual Computing platform
Computer’s type, processor, and operating system Servers
Powerful general-purpose computers Provide information services to numerous users
over a computer network
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Types of Computers (continued) Supercomputers
Most powerful computers manufactured Harness the strength of hundreds or thousands of
processors simultaneously Special-purpose computers
Manufactured to serve a specific purpose Include kiosks and embedded computers
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Mobile Digital Devices
Mobile computers Include notebooks, tablets, and handheld PDAs
Mobile communications Cell phones and cell phone services are among the
fastest growing of digital markets Mobile media
Recent years have witnessed an explosion of handheld media devices
Launch of the Apple iPod in 2003 brought portable digital music into the mainstream
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The Power of Connections
Telecommunications Communications that take place electronically over
a distance Computer network
Telecommunications network that connects two or more computers
Protocols Rules that allow two or more computers to
communicate over a network
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The Internet
The world’s largest public computer network A network of networks that provides a vast array of
services World Wide Web
Internet service that provides convenient access to information through hyperlinks
Hyperlink Object in a Web document that can be clicked to
access related information
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Wireless Networking
Uses radio signals rather than cables to connect computers and digital devices to computer networks
Wi-Fi Wireless networking standard that connects
computers Notebook computers come equipped with Wi-Fi
capability
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What Can Computers Do?
Computers Have no problem carrying out long complicated
calculations at lightning speed Can sort through millions or billions of data records
in a matter of seconds Areas in which computers can assist you
Computation, automation, communications Digital media and entertainment, and information
management
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What Can Computers Do? (continued)
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Computing
Computational science Applies the combined power of computer hardware
and software to solving difficult problems IBM’s Blue Gene/L - world’s fastest supercomputer
Has a theoretical peak performance of 360 trillion operations per second
Artificial intelligence (AI) Area of computer science that deals with simulating
human thought and behavior in computers
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Automating
Automation Involves utilizing computers to control otherwise
human actions and activities Allows people to exceed their natural abilities Empowers those with disabilities
Robotics Branch of AI that empowers computers to
Control mechanical devices to perform tasks that require a high degree of precision
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Enhancing Communication
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Popular technology that allows phone conversations
to travel over the Internet or other data networks Residential VoIP services (broadband phones)
Becoming popular with home users interested in low phone bills and many additional features
Residential VoIP subscribers Must have high-speed Internet connection in their
home
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Providing Entertainment
Digital media Music, video, graphic art, animation, and 3D
graphics stored and processed in digital format Computer-generated special effects
Make it difficult to tell what is real and what is fabricated in today’s motion pictures
Image-based rendering Manipulating virtual movie stars
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Managing Information
Information overload The amount of information available overpowers
one’s ability to manage and use it Computer-based information system (CBIS)
Makes use of computer hardware and software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures to manage and distribute digital information
Database Collection of data stored on a computer, organized
to meet users’ needs
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Information Systems
Computer system Multiple computers working together over a network
towards a common goal Information technology (IT)
Can be defined as issues related to the components of an information system
Systems development Creating new or modifying existing systems
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Types of Information Systems Transaction processing system
Used to support and record transactions Management information system (MIS)
Used to provide useful information to decision makers
Decision support system (DSS) Used to support problem specific decision making
Expert system (ES) Can make suggestions and reach conclusions in
one particular area of expertise
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Using Digital Technologies to Succeed in Your Career – Computer Based Professions Software engineers
Design and develop new programming applications Computer scientists
Use computers to help with the software design process
Science and Mathematics Scientists are using computers to analyze string
theory equations
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Business and Communications Most businesses
Succeed in using technology to increase revenues or reduce costs
In factories Computers are being used to design and
manufacture products, using Computer-assisted design (CAD) and Computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM)
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Science and Mathematics
Scientists are using computers to Analyze string theory equations Forecast weather Hunt for hurricanes Analyze the environmental impact of forest fires, Make detailed maps using geographic information
systems (GISs)
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Engineering
Engineers use computers In design and operations To monitor and control petroleum refinery operations To make sure that sophisticated refinery towers and
systems are efficiently and safely operating To make complex thermodynamics, power
consumption, and circuits and signal
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Sports and Nutrition
Computers Have been used in all aspects of sports, nutrition,
and exercise Used to design football equipment that reduces the
chance of permanent paralysis or brain damage Software
Can be used to analyze diet and nutrition for athletes
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Medicine and Health Care
Electronic health records (EHRs) Can improve health care Can reduce health care costs by billions of dollars
annually Medical informatics
An area of medicine involved with storing medical records in a digital format on a national database
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Criminology, Law Enforcement, and Security Computers
Used extensively in criminology, law enforcement, and security
Provide crime fighters with invaluable information on criminals, stolen vehicles, and missing persons
Can be used to capture facial thermograms
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Using Digital Technologies to Achieve Personal Goals – Personal Finance Personal finance software such as Quicken
Can assist individuals with living within a budget, saving for the future, and investing
Personal Research The Web is increasingly used as primary information
source for personal questions and needs Personal Relations
People are turning to the Web to make new friends and look up old friends
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Information Security and the Social Impact of Digital Technologies – Information Security Information security
The protection of information systems and the information they manage against Unauthorized access, use, manipulation, or
destruction Hacker
Individual who subverts computer security without authorization
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The Impact of Digital Technologies on the World Pervasive computing
Implies that computing and information technologies are diffused throughout the environment
Ubiquitous computing Technology is becoming so much a part of the
environment that people do not even notice it Digital divide
Social and economic gap between those who have access to computers and information technologies and those that do not
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Summary
Digital electronics device One that stores and processes data as bits, 1s and
0s Telecommunications
Forms of communication that take place electronically over a distance
Computers excel in five functional areas Computation, automation, communications, Digital media and entertainment, and information
management
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Summary (continued)
Four primary types of information systems Transaction processing systems (TPS) Management information systems (MIS) Decision support systems (DSS) Expert systems (ES)
Computers play an important role in all professions
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Summary (continued)
Computers and digital technologies Are playing an increasing role in assisting people to
achieve personal goals Information security
The protection of information systems and the information they manage
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