ch. 17 world war i and ch. 18 russian revolution

Chapter 17 The First World War

1914-1919

“War is rich old men protecting their property by sending middle class and lower class men to die. It always has been.”

-George Carlin, American comedian and social commentator

Bismarckian System of AlliancesFrance angry over loss of Alsace-Loraine

Wilhelm II fired Bismarck in

1890 and refused to renew the Russian-

German Treaty

Bismarck’s First step was the

formation of the Three

Emperor’s League

Russian-French Alliance changed the

situaion in 1894

1855 Bessemer Process = mass production of steel

Germany Naval Expansion1898 and 1900 Naval Laws

British felt threatenedSpent large portions of the “People’s

Budget” on militarization

1905 Moroccan

Crisis brought UK and France

together against

Germany

British alliances

with Japan, France,

and RussiaImproved

relations with USA

1910 Funeral for King Edward VIIkings of England, Germany, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Belgium,

Sweden, and Russia all related to Edward VII

CousinsGeorge V and Wilhelm II George V and Nicholas II

•Militarism–Arms Race (modernized weapons)

•Economic• Industry and Colonial Competition

•Alliances–Complex

•Nationalism–Cultural superiority and independence

Long Term Causes of WWI

Imperial Rivalry

Tension was high

Trouble in the BalkansPrelude to WWI

1908-1909 Bosnian crisis

(Annexation crisis or First Balkan Crisis)

A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina from Otto

Bulgaria seceded from the Ottomans

Relations between A-H and Serbia/Russian damaged

Nationalism in the Balkans

1912-1913

Balkan Wars

4 Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire (“sick man”)

Austria-Hungary feared the spread of nationalist revolt

(especially the new Serbia)

Shrinking Ottoman Empire

Serbia (Russia ally) wanted to unite all ethnic Serbs

Heir to Austria-Hungary throne

Archduke Franz

Ferdinand(1863-1914)

June 28, 1914 Ferdinand is visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia

Assassinated by Serbian Nationalists who wanted Bosnia from A-H

From the Memoir of Count Franz von HarrachAs the car quickly reversed, a thin stream of blood spurted from His Highness's mouth onto my right cheek.  As I was pulling out my handkerchief to wipe the blood away from his mouth, the Duchess cried out to him, "For God's sake!  What has happened to you?"

At that, I seized the Archduke by the collar of his uniform, to stop his head dropping forward and asked him if he was in great pain.  He answered me quite distinctly, "It is nothing!"His face began to twist somewhat but he went on repeating, six or seven times, ever more faintly as he gradually lost consciousness, "It's nothing!"

Then came a brief pause followed by a convulsive rattle in his throat, caused by a loss of blood.  This ceased on arrival at the governor's residence.

The two unconscious bodies were carried into the building where their death was soon established.

Gavrilo Princip

(1894-1918)The

Black Hand

Outbreak of War!

• A-H = War on Serbia (Killed FF)• Russia Supported Serbs• Germans Supported A-H• Germany = War on Russia

and France• Germany Invaded France

through Belgium (Neutral)• British = War on Germany

Short-Term Causes of WWI• Assassination

of Ferdinand• Diplomacy failed

to keep the peace• Rapid industrial

mobilization– Once one nation

mobilized others must respond or lose the war before it began

The Allied PowersBritain, Russia, France, Italy, USA, etc.

The Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottomans

Allied and Central

“Short War” myth and Propaganda

Austrian Author Stefan Zweig

Who deserves the blame?

Battle FrontsEuropeMiddle EastBalkansSouth AfricaPacific IslandsThe Seas

Colonial nations generally aided their colonizers

Eastern & Western Fronts“Stalemate and Slaughter”

Western Front

Schlieffen Plan

Developed 1905Eliminate France

while Russia mobilized

1st Battle of the MarneSept 5-12, 1914

France stopped the Germany short of Paris

Trench Warfare

1916-1917 Little to no movement

Lice, Rats, Cold, Wet, Dysentery, Gangrene,

etc.

Trench Foot

Artillery bombardments followed by troop charges

Millions Killed

“Over The Top”

“No-Man’s-Land”

“Once you are ordered to go ‘over the top’ your lifespan is measured in minutes, not years”

Battle of Verdun – French VictoryFeb-July 1916 300,000 killed

Battle of the SommeBritish/French Victory

July-Nov. 1916 1,000,000+ Casualties(60,000 British in 1 day)

Inventory of a British Private, Battle of the Somme 1916 by Thom Atkinson

Town of Passchendaele, Belgium before

and after the 1917 battle

War of Attrition

New Technology

Machine Gun

“Creeping Barrage”

Radio

Hand Grenade mass production

Poison Gas

Tanks

Flame Thrower

Zeppelins and Balloons

Airplanes

Most people killed by artillery barrages

Eastern Front

1914 Russia pushed into

Germany, but was repelled

Russian casualties reached

2,500,000

German Victories at the Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian LakesGeneral Ludendorff General Hindenburg

The Widening

WarOttomans,

Bulgaria, and Italy, join

1915 Battle of GallipoliOttomans defeated invading British

British encouraged Arab

revolts against Ottoman TurksT.E. Lawrence

(1888-1935)“Lawrence of

Arabia”

Armenian Genocide 1915-1923History of fighting between Muslim Turks and

Christian Armenians since 1453 fall of ConstantinopleSome Armenians supported Russia in WWI

1,500,000 killed2/3 of Armenian population

The War at SeaAllied Blockade

British HMS Dreadnaught

German U-Boats

German Unrestricted

WarfareSink any boats approaching

Europe

May 7, 1915 British Lusitania Sunk

Shipping Convoys

The Home Front“Total War”

Government control of industry, prices, and wages

Rationing, censorship, and restricted freedoms

War of attrition needs industrial output

German

Auxiliary Service Law required males (17-60) to work jobs critical to the war effort

Scrap collection, recycling, and

thrift fueled home front war machines

"Gold gab ich für Eisen"

Britain, Germany, and Austria gave women the vote after the war

Women made progress

Women in non-combat

roles

Growing Political Tensions

Strains of Total War, limited rights, and Allied blockade take their toll

All social classes killed

President Woodrow

Wilson kept US neutral

however…

Why the USA

Joined the War

$2,000,000,000+loaned to Allies

US ships sunk by German Unrestricted Warfare

Arthur Zimmermann

German foreign Secretary

1-16-1917Zimmermann

Note To Mexico

Wilson wants to be a part

of the Peace Talks

April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress for permission to go

to war

1917 Russian Revolution

Growing sense of

anger and desire for

reform

intelligentsia

A Soviet is a Russian council or assembly of government officials

Different cities and govt departments had soviets

Russian industry behind and suffering huge losses

Tsar Nicholas II resisted

sharing power with the Duma

and took charge of the

military

1917 soldiers in St. Petersburg mutinied and 10,000 women rioted

demanding bread and peace

Nicholas abdicated

Provisional Governmentincreased freedoms and rights, but…

Alexander Kerensky(1881-1970)

Provisional Government

continued the War

Collapse of order and military

(ex. Order No. 1)

Russian Military Intelligence Report

The Bolshevik Revolution

Vladimir Lenin(1870-1924)

Marxist leader of the Bolsheviks

Anti-WWI

April, 1917Germany

helped Lenin return to Russia to

cause chaos

Lenin Believed...

Violence would destroy capitalism

Humans can cause revolutions in any country

Oct. 1917 Bolsheviks held a small majority in the Soviet

1917 October Revolution Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government

Leon Trotsky

(1879-1940)2nd to Lenin

Led armed uprising

Joseph Stalin

(1878-1953)

Reasons for Bolshevik Success

Anti-War

Better leaders in a time of chaos (Lenin and Trotsky vs. Provisional or Imperial Govts.)

Promise of improved lives

Dictatorship and Civil War

January 1918Bolsheviks used force to

eliminate the elected Assembly

Bolsheviks, 175

Land and factories seized by

peasants and workers

Bourgeoisie attacked

March 3, 1918Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany ended Russia’s involvement in WWI

Germany took 34% of

Russia’s population,

32% of farmland, 54% industry, and

89% coal mines

Russian Civil War 1918-1921Red Army (Communists)

vs.White Army (Supported by Allies)

Red Army commanded by Trotsky

Bolshevik Red Terror eliminated opposition

ChekaSecret Police

1918 royal family executed

Reds WonMore organized and united

Controlled strategic center

The end of the war

French Marshal Ferdinand

Foch(1851-1929)

1918 Appointed Commander-in-

Chief of the Allied Armies

Allied Naval Blockade Hurt Germany and A-H

Rationing, shortages, and socialist protests in Germany

Breakdown of AustriaFood shortage from blockade

Internal revoltDeath of Emperor Francis Joseph

June 1917 2,000,000+Americans arrived in France

Gen. Gouraud's orders to French and American soldiers, 16 July 1918

“The bombardment will be terrible.  You will endure it without weakness...

The strong and brave hearts of free men beat in your breasts.  None will look behind, none will give way.  Every man will have but one thought - "Kill them, kill them in abundance, until they have had enough."

Germany’s final W. Front offensiveHindenburg, William II, and Ludendorff

March 1918 Attack Began

July 18, 2nd Battle of the Marne stopped Germany

1918 Battle of Amiensend of trench warfare on w. front

Gen. Ludendorff called the 1st day of battle "the black day of the German Army"

1918 SurrendersSept. BulgariaOct. Ottoman EmpireNov. Austria-Hungary

German Empire

Collapsed

Wilhelm II forced to abdicate

November 11, 1918

Armistice

German Weimar Republic 1918-1933

1919 - Failed Spartacist Revolt German Communists

Impact of the War

10,000,000 Soldiers Dead1-2 million from each Great Power 35-37% of Germans born between 1892-18952-3% of the population of Britain, France, and Germany15% of the Serbian population115,000 U.S. (only involved for a few months)

20,000,000 Wounded6,600,000 Civilians DeadCities Destroyed“Shell Shock”$332 billion in costs

Shell Shock

In Flanders FieldsIn Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below.

We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.

Canadian Lt. Col. John McCraeDied of pneumonia in 1918

1917 British King George V changed the family name from Saxe-Coburg and

Gotha to Windsor

1919 Paris Peace Conference

The Treaty to End the War

Russia and Germany

excluded from negotiations

The Big FourDavid Lloyd George

G.B.

Vittorio OrlandoItaly

Weakest of the 4

Georges Clemenceau

France

Woodrow WilsonUSA

British P.M. David Lloyd George

Punish the Germans, but don’t overdo it

French P.M. Georges

Clemenceau“The Tiger”

Revenge against Germany and

security for France

“For the catastrophe of 1914 the Germans

are responsible. Only a professional liar would deny this…

Our defeat would have resulted in a relapse of human civilization

into violence and bloodshed…”

“Mr. Wilson bores me with his Fourteen Points, why

God almighty had only Ten”

Italy denied land

expansion

Vittorio Orlando

President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen

Points

Many colonies pushed for independence but were ignored

June 28, 1919

Treaty of Versailles

Signed

“Guilt Clause”Blamed GermanyOwe $32,000,000,000Lost landBanned from L of NMilitary RestrictionsHumiliation

Rhineland Buffer Zone

Austro-Hungarian empire disintegrated Who deserves blame?

Austria (some blame)

HungaryCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaPolandRomaniaAlsace-Lorraine back to France

The Middle East

1916 Britain and France secretly plotted to divide up Ottoman lands

Balfour DeclarationBritish support of Zionism in Palestine

King Faisal I of Iraq

Angry Arabs declared

independence

Crushed by Britain and

France

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk(1881-1938)

1st President of Turkey

Turks resisted occupation from allies