ch. 17 us enters world war ii. wac –women’s army corps rosie the riveter

CH. 17US ENTERS WORLD WAR II

WAC –Women’s Army Corps

Rosie the Riveter

RADARSONAR SYSTEM

CH. 17, SECTION 2- WAR IN EUROPE AND N. AFRICA

US and Great Britain (Dec. 1941)• British Prime Minister Winston

Churchill• FDR formed an alliance with Great

Britain• Churchill convinces FDR to take on

Hitler first

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Winston Churchill-Prime Minister of Great Britain

Battle of the Atlantic (1942)• Hitler’s submarine’s raid America’s east

coast• Goal: Prevent supplies from Britain and

Soviets• Allies organize into convoys: groups of

ships traveling together for protection• Convoy system and extensive shipbuilding

outmatch the Germans and lead to US success

Battle of Stalingrad (1943)• Considered the greatest turning

point in the war• Germans had been battling harsh

Soviet winters• Spring 1942-Germans stationed

outside Moscow and Leningrad and move in

• Summer 1942- Germans want oil fields and Stalingrad- a major industrial center

• German Luftwaffe (air force) bomb area and set ablaze

• Stalin refuses to give in and Germans conquer 9/10 of territory

• Winter arrives and Soviets surround Germans and cut off supplies

• Jan. 1943-Hitler’s troops surrender

• Outcome: Soviets lose 1,100,000 people

• More than US loses in entire war

• Soviets begin advance towards Germany

North African Front• Operation Torch-invasion of Axis controlled

North Africa led by

Dwight D.

Eisenhower• Surrendered

in May 1943

Italian Campaign• FDR and Churchill state they will only

accept unconditional surrender- enemy nations would have to accept whatever terms of peace the allies dictated• Summer 1943- Allies attack Sicily and it

collapses

•Mussolini is forced to resign• Italians celebrate what they think is

the end of war• Hitler refuses to submit Freeing Italy

not successful until 1945• All black 99th Pursuit Squadron

Tuskegee Airmen pilots very successful during this campaign

Liberating Europe

• Operation Overlord

• Objective: Invade France and free Western Europe from Nazis

• D-Day

• Eisenhower led forces and planned to attack in Northern France (Normandy Beach)

• Sent false information to trick Germans of landing area

• June 6, 1944- D-Day- first day of invasion

• Area was massively bombarded but Germans retaliated brutally

•Allies take 80 mi. of beach and General Omar Bradley leads airstrike to create gap in German line•George Patton advances through gap and recaptures Paris 2 days later

• Sept. 1944-France, Belgium, and Luxembourg freed• FDR elected to 4th term as President

Battle of the Bulge (1944-1945)• First German town Aachen captured by Allies• Hitler takes last-grasp offensive to recapture

Belgian Port Antwerp• Goal: disrupt supply lines• Under fog, Hitler broke weak American

defenses• Germans drive 60 mi. into Allied territory

creating a bulge in the lines

•120 American GI’s are captured and mowed down in a large field•Germans are finally pushed back and lose lots of supplies and man power

Final Stage of War

• July 1944, liberate death camps

• Unconditional Surrender

• April 1945 Soviets take Berlin

• Hitler wrote out last address to Germans in underground headquarters

• Blamed Jews for everything

• Killed himself the next day and body was burned as directed

• May 1945 Allies celebrate V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)

• April 12, 1945 FDR dies from stroke and Harry S. Truman is President

YALTA CONFERENCE: BIG THREE

CH. 17 SECTION 3, WAR IN THE PACIFIC

NOTES, 17.3Japanese Advances• Six months after Pearl Harbor Japan expands empire dramatically

• Philippines-Dec. 1941, Filipinos and US battle Japan• American troops inside the Philippines (Bataan Peninsula) were told to stay and

wait for reinforcements

• Reinforcements couldn’t arrive after destruction at Pearl Harbor

• Japanese cut off the corridor and American soldiers went months without supplies

• March 1942-Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur to leave• MacArthur pledges, “I shall return.”

• April 1942- Most soldiers in Bataan were starving or dying from disease• Japanese attacked and Americans fell

• Japanese proceeded with a 65 mile march (Bataan Death March)

• 7,000-10,000 died along the way and more upon their arrival

Philippines

BATAAN DEATH MARCH76,000 prisoners (12,000 Americans, the remainder Filipinos)- march lasted 5 days

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

Doolittle’s Raid

• Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle leads 16 bombers in attack against Tokyo and other Japanese cities

• Attack was successful and rose US spirits

Battle of the Coral Sea

• May 1942, Japanese drive towards Australia

• US and Australians successfully stop Japanese in five-day battle

Battle of Midway

• Japan next action was towards Midway island which lies northwest of Hawaii

• Allies succeeded again in stopping Japanese

• June 1942, US scout planes spotted Japanese fleet and attacked

• Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes

• Considered a turning point in Pacific War

• Allies begin “island hopping”- island by island they won territory back from Japanese

Allies on Offensive• August 1942- Allies storm Guadalcanal in the

Solomon Islands• First defeat of Japanese on land

• October 1944- General MacArthur returns to Philippines: “I have returned.”• Battle of Leyte Gulf- Japanese use tactic of

the kamikaze- suicide plane •Crash planes into Allied ships• Japanese were again defeated

Iwo Jima

• Critical to capture because contained heavily loaded bombers

• Heavily defended spot

• 6,000 marines died in taking island

• Only 200 Japanese survived

(20,000 stationed there)

Battle for Okinawa• Allies faced attacks from

kamikaze’s but made it to shore• Allies were victorious, but lost

many lives• Allied leaders were fearful of the

cost of taking Japan’s home islands

Atomic Bomb Ends War

• J. Robert Oppenheimer developed the atomic bomb best kept secret of the war

• July 26, 1945- US warned Japan of destructive attack unless they surrender

• August 6, 1945- B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) released an atomic bomb over Hiroshima.

• Code name- little boy

• 3 days later another bomb dropped on Nagasaki

• Code name- fat man

• Both bombs were devastating to Japan

• around 200,000 people died

• Japan surrendered Sept. 1945

[back row (L-R) ] Major Ferebee, Captain Van Kirk, Colonel Tibbets, Captain LewisStaff Sgt. Caron, Sgt. Stiborik, Staff Sgt. Duzenbury, Pvt. 1st Class Nelson, Sgt. Shumard

HOW SHOULD WE REMEMBER THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB?

• Which images were easy to eliminate?• Many people ask, Should the United States

have dropped the bomb? • Why is that a difficult question?

• Do you feel like we can judge Truman’s decision? Why or why not? What would we need to know to feel qualified to judge?

HOW SHOULD WE REMEMBER THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB?

• Which images were easy to eliminate?• Many people ask, Should the United States

have dropped the bomb? • Why is that a difficult question?

• Do you feel like we can judge Truman’s decision? Why or why not? What would we need to know to feel qualified to judge?

• Write the name of one group of people who were once denied equal rights in the US

CONSEQUENCES OF WAR: TRIALS AND PEACE

YALTA CONFERENCE• Feb. 1945- Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt met at the Black Sea Resort

of Yalta in the Soviet Union

• Nickname: Big Three

• Germany:

• Stalin favored a harsh approach

• Wanted Germany divided into occupation zones- areas controlled by Allied military forces

• Churchill strongly disagreed with Stalin’s proposal

• Roosevelt acted as mediator

• He made concessions to Stalin’s demands

• hoped for aid against the Japanese

• needed Stalin’s support for a world peace-keeping organization (United Nations)

YALTA CONT.

• Agreement at Yalta:•Germany would be divided into 4 zones

temporarily• (British, French, U.S., and Soviet)

•Germany would eventually form as one with free elections •Stalin agreed to fight in Japan and to joining

the United Nations

NUREMBERG TRIALS • 24 surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial after

the discovery of the death camps (Nuremberg Trials)

• Results: 12 of 24 were sentenced to death, most of others sent to prison

• Later 200 more would be found guilty of war crimes

• Overall impact: Individuals were responsible for their own actions, even in war time

OCCUPATION OF JAPAN• Japan was occupied under the command

of General Douglas MacArthur• MacArthur was key in reshaping

Japan’s economy and government•New constitution gave women

suffrage and basic freedoms (MacArthur Constitution)