ch. 1 - matter i. states of matter »kinetic molecular theory »states of matter

Ch. 1 - MatterI. States of Matter

» Kinetic Molecular Theory

» States of Matter

A. Kinetic Molecular Theory

» KMT

» Particles of matter are always in motion.

» The kinetic energy (speed) of these particles increases as temperature increases.

B. Five States of Matter

» Bose-Einstein Condensate

» Atoms mount on top of each other

B. Four States of Matter

» Solids» very low KE - particles

vibrate but can’t move around

» fixed shape » fixed volume

B. Four States of Matter

» Liquids» low KE - particles can

move around but are still close together

» variable shape

» fixed volume

B. Four States of Matter

» Gases» high KE - particles can

separate and move throughout container

» variable shape» variable volume

B. Four States of Matter

» Plasma» very high KE - particles collide with

enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)

» gas-like, variableshape & volume

» stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, CRTs

Ch. 1 - MatterII. Classification of Matter

»Matter Flowchart

»Pure Substances

»Mixtures

A. Matter Flowchart

MATTER

Can it be physically separated?

Homogeneous Mixture

(solution)

Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes no

Can it be chemically decomposed?

noyesIs the composition uniform?

noyes

Colloids Suspensions

A. Matter Flowchart» Examples:

» graphite

» pepper

» sugar (sucrose)

» paint

» soda

element

hetero. mixture

compound

hetero. mixture

solution

B. Pure Substances» Element

» composed of identical atoms» EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

B. Pure Substances

» Compound

» composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

» properties differ from those of individual elements

» EX: table salt (NaCl)

» Ionic vs Molecular compounds

B. Pure Substances

» Law of Definite Composition

» A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.

» Law of Multiple Proportions

» Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.

B. Pure Substances» For example…

Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.

C. Mixtures» Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.» Can be separated by physical means.

» Distillation, density, filtration, magnetism, boiling points

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous

C. Mixtures

» Solution» homogeneous» very small particles» no Tyndall effect

Tyndall Effect

particles don’t settleEX: rubbing alcohol

C. Mixtures

» Colloid» heterogeneous» medium-sized particles» Tyndall effect» particles don’t settle» EX: milk

C. Mixtures

» Suspension» heterogeneous» large particles» Tyndall effect» particles settle» EX: fresh-squeezed

lemonade

C. Mixtures» Examples:

» mayonnaise

» muddy water

» fog

» saltwater

» Italian salad dressing

colloid

suspension

colloid

solution

suspension

Ch. 1 - Matter

III. Properties & Changes in Matter

»Extensive vs. Intensive

»Physical vs. Chemical

A. Extensive vs. Intensive

» Extensive Property

» depends on the amount of matter present

» Intensive Property

» depends on the identity of substance, not the amount

A. Extensive vs. Intensive» Examples:

» boiling point

» volume

» mass

» density

» conductivity

intensive

extensive

extensive

intensive

intensive

B. Physical vs. Chemical

» Physical Property

» can be observed without changing the identity of the substance

» Chemical Property

» describes the ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity

B. Physical vs. Chemical

» Examples:

» melting point

» flammable

» density

» magnetic

» tarnishes in air

physical

chemical

physical

physical

chemical

B. Physical vs. Chemical» Physical Change

» changes the form of a substance without changing its identity

» properties remain the same

» Chemical Change

» changes the identity of a substance

» products have different properties

B. Physical vs. Chemical

» Signs of a Chemical Change

» change in color or odor

» formation of a gas

» formation of a precipitate (solid)

» change in light or heat

B. Physical vs. Chemical» Examples:

» rusting iron

» dissolving in water

» burning a log

» melting ice

» grinding spices

chemical

physical

chemical

physical

physical

Intro to periodic table

» Groups (Families)» Periods» Noble Gases» Metals vs. Nonmetals» Metalloids (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te)» Alkali Metals» Halogens