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Invitation to the Life Spanby Kathleen Stassen Berger
Chapter 1The Science of
Development
PowerPoint Slidesdeveloped by
Martin Wolfger and Michael James
Ivy Tech Community College-Bloomington
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Defining Development
The scienceof
human
development
seeks to understand
how and why
peopleall kinds of
people, everywhere,
of every agechange
over time.
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Understanding How and Why
Five basic steps of the scientific method:
On the basis of theory, prior research, or a personalobservation, pose a question.
Develop a hypothesis, a specific prediction, that can betested.
Test the hypothesis. Design and conduct research togather empirical evidence (data).
Draw conclusions. Use the evidence to support or refutethe hypothesis.
Report the results. Share the data and conclusions, aswell as alternative explanation.
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The Nature-Nurture Debate
Naturerefers to the influence of geneswhich we inherit.
Nurturerefers to environmental
influences, such as: health and diet of the embryos mother
family
school
community
society
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Critical and Sensitive Periods
A critical period is a time when certain
things must occurfor normal development. A sensitive period is when a particular
development occurs most easily.
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The Life-Span Perspective
Development is multidirectional
Over time, human characteristics change in
every direction.
Several major theorists describe stages ofdevelopment: Freud, Erickson, Piaget.
Others view development as a continuousprocess.
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The Life-Span Perspective
Development Is Multicontextual
HISTORICAL CONTEXT- All persons born
within a few years of one another are said to be
a cohort, a group defined by the shared age ofits members.
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The Life-Span Perspective
Socioeconomic Context
socioeconomic status (SES)
A persons position in society as determined byincome, wealth, occupation, education, and
place of residence.
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The Life-Span Perspective
Development Is Multicultural
Culture - patterns of behavior that are passedfrom one generation to the next.
Vygotsky described the interaction betweenculture and education.
Ethnic group - People whose ancestors wereborn in the same region and who often share a
language, culture, and religion
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The Life-Span Perspective
Development IsMultidisciplinary
Genetics and
neuroscience are two ofthe newer disciplines in
lifespan research.
Every traitpsychological
as well as physicalis
influenced by genes.
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The Life-Span Perspective
Development Is Plastic
Human traits can be molded (as plastic can be),yet people maintain a certain durability of
identity (as plastic does). Mirror neurons- Cells in an observers brain that
respond to an action performed by someoneelse in the same way they would if the observer
had actually performed that action.
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Theories of Human
Development
A developmental theory is a systematic
statement of principles and generalizations
that provides a framework forunderstanding how and why people
change as they grow older.
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentPsychoanalytic Theory
A theory of human development that holds that
irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often
originating in childhood, underlie humanbehavior.
Psychoanalytic theory originated with Sigmund
Freud (18561939)
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentEricksons Stages
Erik Erikson (19021994)
Described eight developmental stages, each
characterized by a challenging developmental
crisis.
His first five stages build on Freuds theory; but,
he also described three adult stages.
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Theories of Human
Development
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentBehaviorism
A theory of human development that studiesobservable behavior. Behaviorism is also called
learning theory, because it describes the lawsand processes by which behavior is learned.
Conditioning-According to behaviorism, theprocesses by which responses become linked to
particular stimuli and learning takes place.
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentClassical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936)
(also called respondent conditioning),a process
in which a person or animal learns to associatea neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus,
gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with
the same response as to the meaningful one.
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentOperant conditioning - B.F. Skinner(19041990)
(also called instrumental conditioning)a learning
process in which a particular action is followedeither by something desired (which makes the
person or animal more likely to repeat the
action) or by something unwanted (which makes
the action less likely to be repeated).
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Theories of Human
Development
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentSocial Learning Theory-Albert Bandura (b.
1925)
An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes
the influence that other people have over apersons behavior.
Modeling- people learn by observing other
people and then copying them.
Self-efficacy- (how effective people think they
are when it comes to changing themselves or
altering their social context.
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentCognitive Theory
Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect
action.
Focuses on changes in how people think over
time.
Jean Piaget (18961980)
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Theories of Human
Development
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Theories of Human
Development Assimilation, in which new experiences
are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate
with, old ideas
Accommodation, in whichold ideas are
restructured to include, or accommodate,
new experiences
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentSystems Theory
Change in one part of a person, family, or society
affects every aspect of development
Ecological systems approach- Urie
Bronfenbrenner (19172005)
The person should be considered in all thecontexts and interactions that constitute a life.
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Theories of Human
DevelopmentFive Components of BronfenbrennersSystem
microsystems(elements of the persons
immediate surroundings, such as family andpeer group)
exosystems(local institutions such as schooland church)
macrosystems(the larger social setting,including cultural values, economic policies, andpolitical processes)
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Theories of Human
Development
chronosystem(literally, time system), which
affects the other three systems
mesosystem, consisting of the connections
among the other systems
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Using the Scientific Method
Scientific Observation
requires the researcher to record behavior
systematically and objectively.
May be done in a naturalistic setting such as ahome, school, or other public place.
May be done in a laboratory.
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Using the Scientific Method
The Experiment establishes causal
relationships among variables.
independent variable-the variable that is
introduced to see what effect it has on thedependent variable.
dependent variable- the variable that may
change as a result of whatever new condition orsituation the experimenter adds.
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Using the Scientific Method
experimental group- gets a particular
treatment (the independent variable).
comparison group (also called a control
group), which does not get the treatment.
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Using the Scientific Method
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Using the Scientific Method
The Survey
Information is collected from a large number of
people by interview, questionnaire, or some
other means. Acquiring valid survey data is not easy.
Some people lie, some change their minds.
Survey answers are influenced by the wordingand the sequence of the questions.
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Studying Development over the
Life Span
Cross-sectional Research Groups of people of one age are compared with
people of another age.
Longitudinal Research Collecting data repeatedly on the same
individuals as they age.
Cross-sequential Research
Study several groups of people of different ages(a cross-sectional approach) and follow themover the years (a longitudinal approach).
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Cautions from Science
Correlation and Causation A correlation exists between two variables if
one variable is more (or less) likely to occurwhen the other does.
A correlation ispositiveif both variables tend toincrease together or decrease together.
A correlation is negative if one variable tends toincrease while the other decreases.
A correlation is zero if no connection is evident. Correlation is not causation
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Ethics
Each academic discipline and professional
society involved in the study of human
development has a code of ethics.
Researchers must ensure that participation is
voluntary, confidential, and harmless.
Subjects (participants in research) must give
informed consent- they must understand theresearch procedures and any risks involved.
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