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Inspection and testing of springs• any exposed springs are carefully inspected for signs of either of

the problems of corrosion and overheating.

• The manufacturer will publish the exact dimension of

the unloaded spring with some small tolerance, whilst

the servicing technician will accurately measure thespring’s length and compare the two dimensions.

• Providing that the spring is within the published figures, then the

spring is considered to be serviceable.

• The other check, is the load/deflection check.

• A special test rig is used, to load the spring with either a

compressive, tensile or a torsional loading and a meter on the rig

will display the load versus deflection figures. A series of loads are,

subseuently, applied to the spring and the relevant deflections

noted.

Testing, cleaning ! inspection of bearings

"efore a bearing can be checked it must be cleaned thoroughly toremove any dirt and the old lubricating fluid.

• #emove any excess grease with clothes and dry compressed air,

whilst ensuring that the rolling elements remain stationary or only

rotate slowly.

• $oak the bearing in an approved solvent, such white spirit, to

remove the remaining grease. The solvent may be applied as a

forced %et if necessary.

• &ry the bearing by using clean warm and dry compressed air,

again avoiding fast rotation of any rolling elements.

• 'ightly lubricate all bearing surfaces with oil to prevent the onset

of corrosion.

Testing bearing

Once clean the bearing should be inspected for signs of

failure, soe of the ore coon being!

1. "oral #atigue

2. $%cessi&e 'oading3. Installation and (isalignent

). 'oose #itting or *pinning

5. +rinelling

. O&erheating and 'ubrication eficienc

/. Containation and Corrosion

'ubrication reuirements of bearings

(xcessive heating of a bearing manifests itself as discoloration of the

rings, rolling elements and cages from gold to blue.

)ailure or lack of lubrication often has similar signs as overheating.

The outcome of either overheating or lubrication failure will alwaysresult in the eventual failure of the bearing, so it should be re%ected

as unserviceable.

*f a bearing is to be used immediately after inspection, it should be

lubricated with correct lubricant and installed.

*f there is liable to be a delay before installation, then the bearing

should be coated in rust+preventing inhibiting oil, wrapped in

greaseproof paper, boxed and labeled. The bearing should always be

stored horiontally, in a clean dry atmosphere.

Inspection of gears, bac0lash

-ear in gears, assuming that the bearings are

not worn, will be found on the faces of the gear

teeth. This wear shows up as excessive

backlash, which can be easily found by simply

rotating the input mechanism, such as the main

drive shaft, whilst holding the output rigidly. *t

should be borne in mind that a small amount ofbacklash is essential for the correct operation of

bearings.

*nspection of belts and pulleys, chains and

sprockets"elts checked before each flight. The belts must also be checked, at

regular intervals, for signs of wear, a tension check on the either the

belt itself or the tensioning mechanism.

The ma%ority of belts whatever their usage, have a finite life and are

also sub%ect to 0on+condition’ monitoring.1ne of the ma%or checks should be that the chain passes smoothly

over the sprockets. *f there is any roughness or binding, then further

checks will be reuired.

Another ma%or check of the chain assembly is that for wear, which

involves applying a load to detect whether the chain is worn.2hains should also be checked for normal faults that can befall most

mechanisms3 these include damage, corrosion, cleanliness and

insufficient lubrication.

2heck for chain elongation as per the manual,

*nspection of screw %acks, lever devices, push+pull

rod systems$ome screw %acks are in the form of actuators and some are used to drive

flaps and other aerodynamic devices.

*n+service checks, other than lubrication will probably only include backlash

checks on the actuating shaft. These will probably mean no more than a

side+to+side hand movement of the rudder trim tab, which ensures that the

movement is not excessive.

levers will be used to transmit thrust from one medium to another.

Apart from the bearings of the lever reuiring lubrication, unless they are

sealed+for+life bearings, there is little maintenance reuired, other than

physical checks for damage, distortion and cracks.

The ma%ority of aircraft push+pull systems can be found in both the flying

and engine controls.

$waging of end fittings

All cables, used in aircraft controls runs, have some form of end

fittings attached to each end of the cables.

&uring production of these cables, the completed end fitting will be

carefully checked, using a 4o/5o+4o gauge, to ensure that the cable

has been gripped satisfactorily. The finished cable assembly will also

be proof tested to confirm the end fitting attachments and to proveits suitability for use as an aircraft control cable.

*nspection and testing of control cables

• swaged end fittings will reuire minimal inspection. *n someinstallations, red paint is applied at the %unction of the end

fitting where the cable emerges, leading to a gap showing if

the cable has slipped within the swaged end fitting during

normal service.

• $ome individual ferrules, fitted to non+critical cables, may be

inspected for signs of cracking whilst in service.

• checked for stretch by measuring their length under load, or

they will be given a finite life and replaced when that life is

reached.

•2able systems have to receive regular inspections due totheir being sub%ect to a wide variety of environmental

conditions and wear.

• Their degradation, due to wear, can take the form of

wire/strand breakage which is fairly easy to detect, or may

exist as less visible internal wear, or as corrosion and

distortion. 13

"owden cables, aircraft flexible control systems

+O4$" C+'$*

is a type of flexible cable used to transmit mechanical

force or energy by the movement of an inner cable most

commonly of steel or stainless steel relative to a hollow

outer cable housing.

6sed as push pull cable. The push+pull cable is thus

ideal for usage in extreme temperature conditions where

significant heat is generated.

cables are thus safe to use in applications such as turbo+engine bays and exhaust manifolds, Accelerator cables,

2lutch cables, 7andbrake cables

A. A/C GROUND HANDLING ANDSTORAGE

CONTENTS OF A/C GROUND HANDLING& STORAGE

• Introduction

• Safety

• Fire protection

• Aircraft fuein!

• Aircraft "o#e"ent on !round $To%in! & Tain!'

• Aircraft (ac)in!

• En!ine !round operation

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION CONTD*

• GENERAL

– I"portant function of a#iation "aintenance

tec+nician i,

• Aircraft Ground Handin! - it incude,

– Ser#icin! aircraft

– .o#in! aircraft on !round

– Operatin! !round ,upport euip"ent

– En!ine !round operation

INTRODUCTION CONTD*

• GENERAL CONTD*

– Aircraft !round +andin! in#o#e, +a0ard,

• Fire +a0ard,

• 1er,onne in2ury

• Da"a!e to euip"ent

– Our "ain and "o,t i"portant 2o3 aon! %it+ a/c

!round +andin! i, to a#oid t+e,e potentia+a0ard,

– Ho% can t+ey 3e a#oided4

– 5+at are t+e pre#ention "et+od, t+e,e +a0ard, 4

INTRODUCTION CONTD…

• GENERAL CONTD*

– 1re#ention .et+od

• Under,tandin! +u"an factor, in "aintenance

– Dirty do0en, - cau,e, of +u"an error,

• 6no%ed!e of ,afety

• 6no%ed!e of proper procedure on ,er#icin!

aircraft

• 6no%ed!e of rue, of aircraft/en!ine !round

operation

• 6no%ed!e on u,e of !round ,upport euip"ent

SAFET7

INTRODUCTION

• Occupationa ,afety : - is the absence of an!e" in the

#o"$ a"ea o" f"eeo% f"o% a%a!e to the hea&th an to

the '"o'e"t(.

• Accident8 - )n'&anne e*ent #hich can %ost&( ca)se b(

)nsafe act an )nsafe conitions.

• Cau,e, of accident, : - +ate"ia& fai&)"e, - e"sonne& e""o"

an esi!n eficienc(

• D)e to *io&ation of safet( %eas)"es an '"actices toa( in

the #o"&:

- in e*e"( (ea" it is esti%ate that 01,111 #o"$e"s ie an

1 %i&&ion #o"$e"s a"e in2)"e 3 in the (ea" 41115

SAFET7 CONTD*

SHO19 HANGAR AND FLIGHT LINE SAFET7

– is e6t"e%e&( i%'o"tant

– 7e( obse"*ations

• 7ee' han!a"s, sho's, 8 f&i!ht &ine c&ean an o"e"&(

• "o'e" '&ace%ent of si!ns

• 9e&in! a"ea "e)i"e s'ecia& attention 3 ;&a%%ab&e

!ases sto"e )ne" '"ess)"e 5

• ELECTRICAL SA;ET<

• CO+RESSED GASES SA;ET<

• +ACHINE TOOL SA;ET< 3#e&in! %achine safet(5

;IRE SA;ET<

SA;ET< CONTD…

• ELECTRICAL SAFET7

– 1+y,ica ,afety8 eectrica +a0ard, can cau,e

– Se*e"e b)"n at c)""ent ent"ance 8 e6it 'oint

– Da%a!e to ne"*o)s s(ste%

– Fire Safety

– =( '"o)ct of c)""ent f&o# is heat

– ;)"the" inc"ease in heat %e&ts ins)&atin! %ate"ia&s,

%e&ts %eta&s, *a'o"i>e &i)is, 8 i!nite f&a%%ab&e

%ate"ia&s 3both so&i, &i)i 8 !aseo)s f)e&s5

SA;ET< CONTD…

• FIRE SAFET7 CONTD*

– "eca)tions/safet( %eas)"es to be ta$en to a*oi

e&ect"ica& ha>a"s

• C&ean e&ect"ica& #o"$ a"ea 8 e&ect"ica& e)i'%ent

• A*oi ben, $in$e o" b"o$en 'o#e" co"s

• Don?t '&ace #i"e co"s on #a&$ #a(

C&ose %onito"in! of e&ect"ica& e)i'%ent

• Re'ai" o" "e'&ace a%a!e e)i'%ent

SA;ET< CONTD…

• CO.1RESSED GASES SAFET7

– T('ica& Nit"o!en =ott&e

SA;ET< CONTD…

• CO.1RESSED GASES SAFET7 CONTD*

– 1recaution

• Ins'ect ai" hoses fo" b"ea$s 8 #o"n s'ots

• 7ee' a&& connections in no-ea) conition

• Ne*e" )se co%'"esse ai" to c&ean hans

• Ne*e" s'"a( co%'"esse ai" on othe" 'e"sonne& a"ea

• St"ai!hten ai" hoses an '"o'e"&( coi& 8 sto"e

SAFET7 CONTD*

.ACHINE TOOLS SAFET7 – 5ELDING .ACHINE

• Use to 2oin %eta&s b( f)sion 3#e&in! , b"a>in! 8

so&e"in! ientif( the iffe"ence@ 5

• e"fo"% in esi!nate a"ea, cont"o&&e en*i"on%ent

• A&& 'a"ts sho)& be "e%o*e f"o% ai"c"aft

• Re'ai" one in #e&in! sho' )ne" cont"o&&e

en*i"on%ent

– "o'e" tab&es, *enti&ation, too& sto"a!e,

– ;i"e '"e*ention 8 e6tin!)ishin! e)i'%ent

SAFET7 CONTD*

• 5ELDING .ACHINE CONTD*

– If to be 'e"fo"%e on ai"c"aft

• Ai"c"aft sho)& be to#e o)tsie of han!a"

• No o'en f)e& tan$, no #o"$ on f)e& s(ste% an no

'aintin! '"ocess

• No ai"c"aft #ith in B ft of o'e"ation

No f&a%%ab&e %ate"ia& in the a"ea of #e&in!

• On&( )a&ifie #o"$e"s sho)& o the 2ob

• T"aine fi"e #atchees 8 fi"e e6tin!)ishe"s a"o)n

#e&in! o'e"ation

SA;ET< CONTD…

• FLIGHT LINE SAFET7

– ;&i!ht &ine is a '&ace of an!e"o)s acti*it(

– Conscio)sness 8 a#a"eness is i%'o"tant

– ;&i!ht &ine noise can ca)se hea"in! &oss

– "i%a"( so)"ces of noise - ai"c"aft en!ines

– Secona"( so)"ces of noise

• AU, f)e& t"ac$s, ba!!a!e han&in! e)i'%ent etc.

– Hea"in! '"otection is *e"( i%'o"tant

– ;OD %)st be '"o'e"&( cont"o&&e

SA;ET< CONTD…

• HEARING 1ROTECTION

– E6te"na& 3ea" %)ff/hea'hone t('e5

– Inte"na& 3ea" '&)!5 hea"in! '"otection

SA;ET< CONTD…

• FOREIGN O:(ECT DA.AGE $FOD'

– Da%a!e ca)se b( &oose ob2ects on !"o)n - inc&)es

• N)ts, bo&ts, sc"e#s, safet( #i"es 8 s%a&& 'a"ts o"

too&s bein! s)c$e into the en!ine.

– In f&i!ht a%a!e ca)se b( in!estion of ice o" bi"s is

a&so consie"e to be ;OD

• FOD CONTROLLING .ETHOD

– 7ee' "a%' 8 o'e"ation a"ea c&ean

– Too& cont"o& '"o!"a%

– Rece'tac&e fo" )se/#aste ite%s

SA;ET< CONTD…

• SAFET7 AROUND AIR1LANES

– =e a#a"e of '"o'e&&e"s

– Stan in the *isibi&it( of the 'i&ot on the "a%'

– A*oi t)"bine en!ine inta$e 8 e6ha)st )"in! o'e"ation

– No s%o$in!/o'en f&a%e nea" the ai"c"aft in o'e"ation

– Safe o'e"ation of !"o)n s)''o"t e)i'%ent

– Sto# 3c&ea"5 a&& ite%s o'e"atin! nea" the ai"c"aft

SA;ET< CONTD…• FIRE SAFET7 $ fire i, t+e "o,t dan!erou, and

etre"ey da"a!in! p+eno"enon'

– Ca)se of fi"e

• S'a"$ '"o)cin! e&ect"ica& too&s,

• Heat '"o)cin! too&s 8 e)i'%ents

• ;&a%%ab&e an e6'&osi*e &i)is an !ases

• 6E7 TO FIRE 1RE;ENTION

– 7no#&e!e of ca)se of fi"e

– 7no#&e!e of '"e*ention of fi"e an

– 7no#&e!e of fi"e e6tin!)ishin! %ethos

;"o% #he"e the $no#&e!e can be obtaine@

;IRE ROTECTION

;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…

• INTRODUCTION

– ;acto"s ca)sin! fi"e

• H)!e a%o)nt of f)e& ca""ie b( ai"c"aft

• La"!e e&ect"ica& #i"in! an e)i'%ent on ai"c"aft

• a"io)s co%b)stib&e %ate"ia&s )se fo"

– Ai"c"aft 'aintin!, c&eanin! an se"*icin!

• S'i&&e !aso&ine

• D"ie 'aint f"o% o*e" s'"a(

• i&e of "a!s #et #ith oi&, so&*ent, thinne"s etc…

• NATURE OF FIRE

– ;i"e is the '"o)ct of che%ica& "eaction of f)e&, o6(!en

an heat

– Che%ica& ca&&e f)e& 3h("oca"bon5 "eact #ith o6(!en

an heat "e&easin! %o"e heat an &i!ht

– ;)e& is chan!e into ca"bon

Ca"bon "eacts #ith o6(!en to fo"% ca"bon io6ie anca"bon %ono6ie

• RE<UIRE.ENTS OF FIRE

– Th"ee e&e%ents neee

• ;)e&

• O6(!en

• Heat to "aise te%'e"at)"e of the f)e& abo*e its

)indin! point te"perature $61T'

7T - is a te%'e"at)"e to #hich a %ate"ia& %)st be

heate to co%bine #ith O4 f"o% ai" an b)"n.

• CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE

– ;o)" cate!o"ies

• C&ass A

• C&ass =

• C&ass C

• C&ass D

– Not "eco!ni>e as basic c&ass of fi"e b( N;A

» Nationa& ;i"e "otection Association

• CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE CONTD*

– Ca,, A o"ina"( co%b)stib&e %ate"ia&

• 9oo, c&oth, 'a'e", etc

– Ca,, : 'et"o&e)%/co%b)stib&e '"o)cts

• Li)i, !"ease, so&*ent, 'aint, etc…

– Ca,, C ene"!i>e e&ect"ica& #i"in! an e)i'%ent

– Ca,, D f&a%%ab&e %eta&

• +a!nesi)% an i%'"o'e" #e&in!

– Ho# o #e e6tin!)ish iffe"ent fi"e t('es

• FIRE E=TINGUISHING AGENTS

– ;o)" basic t('es

• 9ate" E6tin!)ishe"

• Ca"bon io6ie 3CO4 5 E6tin!)ishe"s

• D"( 'o#e" ;i"e e6tin!)ishe"

• Ha&o!enate H("oca"bon E6tin!)ishe"s

• 5ATER E=TINGUISHER

– Effecti*e fo" c&ass A ;i"e

– De'"i*e O4 8 coo& %ate"ia& be&o# $in&in! 'oint

– Not "eco%%ene on c&ass = fi"es #h(@

• et"o&e)% f&oats on #ate" ca""(in! fi"e #ith it

– Sho)& not be )se on c&ass C fi"es

– Ne*e" )se on c&ass D fi"e e6'&osi*e e6'ansion

• CAR:ON DIO=IDE $C>? ' E=TINGUISHER

– Effecti*e on c&ass A, =, an C fi"es

– De'"i*e O4 an coo& %ate"ia& bein! b)"ne

– Ne*e" )se on C&ass D fi"e e6'&osi*e e6'ansion

– 9ea" '"otecti*e e)i'%ent co& in2)"( 3f"ost bite5

– Ca)tion #hen o'e"atin! on confine a"ea

• L)c$ of O4 fo" o'e"ato"

• CAR:ON DIO=IDE $C>? ' E=TINGUISHER CONTD*

– He& insie a stee& containe" )ne" '"ess)"e b( sea& o"

isc se&f e6'e&&in! t('e

– Ga!e sho#s o'e"atin! '"ess)"e

– Re'&ace%ent neee afte" o'e"ation

• DR7 1O5DER E=TINGUISHERS

– Effecti*e on c&ass = an C ;i"es

– =est fo" )se on c&ass D fi"es

– In the '"esence of heat, b"ea$o#n to '"o)ce CO4 that

is'&aces O4

– Tho)!h effecti*e not "eco%%ene fo" C&ass C ;i"es

• D"( 'o#e" e'osit iffic)&t to c&ean

– Da%a!in! e&ect"onic 8 e&icate e)i'%ents

– Not a''&icab&e fo" coc$'it )se

• Re)ce *isibi&it(

• HALOGENATED H7DROCAR:ON E=TINGUISHERS

– T"ae na%e ;"eonT+

– +ost effecti*e on c&ass = an C fi"es

– Less effecti*e on c&ass A an D fi"es

– E6'"esse b( Ha&on n)%be"

• E.!. Ha&on 4 o" Ha&on 1

• FIRE E=TINGUISHERS IDENTIFICATION

• Often co%bination of s(%bo&s #i&& be fo)n

• USING FIRE E=TINGUISHER

– Ens)"e co""ect t('e fo" the fi"e 8 stan 0 feet bac$

• 1 )&& the 'in

• Ai% at the base of fi"e

• S )ee>e the &e*e"

• S #ee' sie to sie

AIRCRAFT FUELING

AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…

• INTRODUCTION

– Ai"c"aft f)e&in! is i%'o"tant o'e"ation 'e"fo"%e b(

f&i!ht &ine 'e"sonne&

– Inco""ect !"ae f)e& "es)&ts in fata& accients

– e"ification of t('e of f)e& 8 )antit( is *e"( i%'o"tant

– A&& "eci'"ocatin! en!ine ai"c"aft "e)i"e to be %a"$e

#ith a #o" a*!as? 8 %ini%)% 'e"%issib&e f)e& !"aes

– CO4 fi"e e6tin!)ishe" nee to be a*ai&ab&e

• TUR:INE ENGINE FUELS

– T#o basic t('es

• et A o" et A an

• et =

– Desi!nation a"e t('e n)%be"s an oes not "e&ate #ith

'e"fo"%ance of f)e& in the en!ine

– (et A 8- is a si%i&a" $e"osene t('e of f)e& #ie&( )se in

ci*i&ian ai"c"aft – (et A@8 -S'ecia& t('e of et A #ith aiti*es s)itab&e fo"

e6t"e%e&( &o# te%'e"at)"e

– (et : 8- =&en of !aso&ine an $e"osene

AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD

AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…• 1RE1ARATION OF FUELING

– The nat)"a& 'et"o&e)% %a( be se'a"ate into '"e'a"e

f)e&s , f)e& oi& an &)b"icatin! oi& b( boi&in! the c")e oi&

at iffe"ent te%'e"at)"e an s)bse)ent f"actiona&

isti&&ation b( a '"ocess ca&&e c"ac$in! 3!aso&ine,

$e"osene an iese& f)e&5

1recaution,8 "o'e" *enti&ation neee

• On&( e&ect"ica& ci"c)its neee fo" f)e&in! nee to be

ene"!i>e

• No one sho)& be oin! an(thin! that co)& c"eate

fi"e ha>a"

• S%o$in! in the *icinit( of ai"c"aft is '"ohibite

• 1RE1ARATION OF FUELING CONTD*

– Static e&ect"icit( 'ose an!e" of fi"e ha>a"

– The f&o# of !aso&ine o" t)"bine f)e& in the hose '"o)ces

eno)!h static e&ect"icit( 3acc)%)&ation of

e&ect"ica& cha"!es5 to ca)se a s'a"$

an i!nite e6'&osi*e f)%es.

HENCE - G"o)n the t")c$

- G"o)n the a/c

• CLASSIFICATION OF FUELING

– O*e" 9in! ;)e&in!

– "ess)"e ;)e&in!

• O;ER 5ING FUELING

• Use on a&& s%a&& ai"c"aft

• T")c$ 'ositione in f"ont of a/c

• Hose 'asses on &eain! e!e of a/c

• 1RESSURE FUELING

– 9ie&( )se on &a"!e ai"c"afts

– Uses ba(onet t('e f)e&in! no>>&e

– ;)e&in! 'o"t &ocate )ne" the #in! &eain! e!e

• 1RESSURE FUELING CONTD*

• DEFUELING

– Re)i"e #hen necessa"( to "e%o*e f)e& f"o% ai"c"aft

– +)st ne*e" be con)cte in han!a" e*en if ai"

conitione

– +)st be con)cte #ith ae)ate *enti&ation

– +)st be '"o'e"&( !"o)ne 3e&ect"ica&&(5

;)e& "e%o*e %)st be $e't a!ainst conta%ination an '"o'e"&( ientifie

AICRA;T +OE+ENT ON GRUOND

AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…

• INTRODUCTION

– Ai"c"aft %o*e%ent on !"o)n "e)i"es ca"ef)& '&annin!

an s$i&& 9h(@

• To a*oi a%a!e to ai"c"aft bein! %o*e

• Da%a!e to othe" ai"c"afts nea" b(

• To a*oi 'e"sonne& in2)"(

+o*e%ent of ai"c"aft on !"o)n inc&)es• To#in!

• Ta6iin!

• TO5ING

– +o*in! the ai"c"aft on !"o)n #itho)t en!ine 'o#e"

– "eca)tions

• Co""ect to# ba" attache as 'e" %f! inst")ction

• Cho$es nee to be '&ace afte" %o*e%ent sto''e

• TO5ING CONTD*

– S%a&& ai"c"aft to# t"acto" an to# ba"

• TO5ING CONTD*

• La"!e ai"c"aft to# ba"

• TO5ING CONTD*

– +o*in! &a"!e ai"c"aft "e)i"es 'o#e" ta!/to# t"acto"

– E6t"e%e ca)tion neee #hen sta"tin!, sto''in!, an

t)"nin! ai"c"aft 3to#in! s'ee is a&#a(s &i%ite5

• TO5ING CONTD*

– 9hen a &a"!e ai"c"aft is bein! to#e,

• The"e sho)& be a 'e"son in the coc$'it to o'e"ate

the b"a$es in the e*ent of an e%e"!enc(.

• T#o #in! #a&$e"s neee to #atch #in! ti' c&ea"ance

an to co%%)nicate #ith 'e"son in 'o#e" ta!

• TA=IING

– +o*in! ai"c"aft #ith en!ine 'o#e"

– Ta6i si!na& %an neee at '"o'e" &ocation

– Stana" ;AA han si!na&s to be i%'&e%ente

• STANDARD FAA HAND SIGNAL FOR FI=ED 5ING A/C

– ;&a! %an i"ectin! 'i&ot to si!na&%an

• STANDARD FAA HAND SIGNAL FI=ED 5ING A/C

CONTD*

• 9ans neee fo" ni!ht o'e"ation

– Sto' is si%i&a" to e%e"!enc( sto'

• FOR TA=IING AIRCRAFT TO FLIGHT AREA

– I"portant point, to re"e"3er

• 9hen fi"st sta"tin! to ta6i an ai"'&ane, test the

b"a$es fo" '"o'e" o'e"ation.

• If b"a$in! action is )nsatisfacto"(, the en!ine sho)&

be sh)t o#n i%%eiate&(.

• On&( )a&ifie an ce"tificate 3'i&ots5 'e"sonne& is

a&&o#e to this o'e"ation

• Raio co%%)nication #ith cont"o& to#e" neee

AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING

AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…

• INTRODUCTION

– Raisin! an ai"c"aft f)&&( o" 'a"tia&&( fo" the ')"'ose of

ins'ection an %aintenance is ca&&e 2ac$in!

ac$s a"e e*ices )se fo" "aisin! an &o#e"in! ai"c"aft

• INTRODUCTION CONTD*

– ;a%i&ia"it( #ith 2ac$in! is i%'o"tant in o"e" to 'e"fo"%

%aintenance 8 ins'ection

Se"ies ai"c"aft a%a!e 8 'e"sonne& in2)"( "es)&te f"o%ca"e&ess o" i%'"o'e" 2ac$in! '"oce)"e

– ;o&&o# '"o'e" 2ac$in! an safet( '"oce)"e

– ac$in! '"oce)"e an safet( '"eca)tions *a"( fo"

iffe"ent t('es of ai"c"aft

– A&#a(s cons)&t ai"c"aft +f!. inst")ction fo" s'ecific

2ac$in! '"oce)"e

AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD

AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…• T71ES OF (AC6ING

Sin!&e 9hee& ac$in! – Enti"e/Co%'&ete Ai"c"aft ac$in!

• SINGLE 5HEEL (AC6ING

– ;o" ti"e chan!e o" !"easin! #hee& bea"in!

• Uses sin!&e base 2ac$

– 9hee& sho)& be "aise on&( hi!h eno)!h to c&ea"

s)"face

• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING

– ;o" &anin! !ea" %aintenance o" #ei!hin! the ai"c"aft

• Use t"i'o 2ac$s

• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING CONTD*

– At &east th"ee 'oints a"e '"o*ie fo" 2ac$in!

– Aitiona& 2ac$in! 'oints '"o*ie stabi&it( to ai"c"aft

afte" 2ac$in! A)6i&ia"( 2ac$in! 'oints.

– T#o %ain 2ac$in! 'oints a"e )ne" the #in! #ith thi"

one at nose o" tai& #hee& e'enin! on a/c confi!)"ation

AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD

AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING CONTD*

(ac)in! 1reparation• Dete"%ine if ai"c"aft confi!)"ation 'e"%it 2ac$in!

– Dete"%ine If e)i'%ent o" f)e& "e%o*a& "e)i"e

– An( #o"$ on '"o!"ess on ai"c"aft

– An( c"itica& 'ane& "e%o*e

• Ins'ect 2ac$s befo"e )se to ete"%ine

– S'ecific &iftin! ca'acit(

– "o'e" f)nctionin! of safet( &oc$s

– Conition of 'ins

• Re%o*e a&& #o"$ stans f"o% nea" o" )ne" the a/c

– (ac)in! 1reparation Contd*

• No one in the ai"c"aft )"in! 2ac$in! o" &o#e"in!

• Locate ai"c"aft in &e*e& 'osition

• Ai"c"aft %)st be '"otecte f"o% #in an if 'ossib&e

2ac$ in the han!a"

• Locate 2ac$in! 'oints 'e" ai"c"aft %f!. inst")ction

– (ac)in! 1rocedure

• &ace t"i'o 2ac$s of a''"o'"iate si>e )ne" 2ac$in!

'oints• e"fect&( cente" to '"e*ent coc$in! 3s&i''in!5

• Chec$ &e!s fo" inte"fe"ence #ith o'e"ation afte"

2ac$in!

• E6ten 2ac$s )nti& the( contact 2ac$ 'as

– (ac)in! 1rocedure cont*

• ;ina& chec$ fo" a&i!n%ent befo"e "aisin!

• A 'e"son sho)& be statione at each 2ac$

• ac$ sho)& be o'e"ate si%)&taneo)s&( to $ee'

ai"c"aft &e*e& 8 a*oi o*e"&oain! an( of the 2ac$s

• C"e# &eae" stan in f"ont of ai"c"aft fo" &e*e&in!

inst")ctions

• Loc$ a&& 2ac$s #hen esi"e &e*e& "eache

– (ac)in! 1re-Caution

– Ai"c"aft %)st be "aise on&( eno)!h to acco%'&ish the

2ob an A"ea a"o)n the ai"c"aft %)st be sec)"e • =efo"e "e&easin! 2ac$ '"ess)"e an &o#e"in! ai"c"aft

ens)"e that

A&& #o"$ stan, e)i'%ent an 'e"sonne& a"ec&ea" of ai"c"aft

– Lanin! !ea" is o#n an &oc$e

– A&& !"o)n &oc$in! e*ices a"e '"o'e"&( insta&&e

AIRCRA;T AC7ING AND HOISTING

• AIRCRAFT HOISTING

– Necessa"( )"in!

• Gea" )' &anin! o" &anin! !ea" co&&a'se

– I%'ossib&e to !et 2ac$s in co""ect 'osition

– C"ane %)st be )se to &ift the ai"c"aft

– Hoistin! e(es )se to &ift the ai"c"aft

S'"eae" ba"s 3&e*e&in! %eans5 %a( be )se fo"&e*e&in!

ENGINE OERATION ROCEDURES

ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…

• INTRODUCTION

– =efo"e sta"tin! an ai"c"aft en!ine

• osition ai"c"aft into the '"e*ai&in! #in fo"

– Ae)ate f&o# of ai" o*e" the en!ine fo" coo&in!

• +a$e s)"e no '"o'e"t( a%a!e o" 'e"sona& in2)"(

f"o% '"o'e&&e"

• If e6te"na& e&ect"ic 'o#e" )se, %a$e s)"e it can be

"e%o*e safe&(

G S G OC CO

• INTRODUCTION CONTD*

– ;i"e !)a"s #ith %ini%)% of B &b CO4 fi"e e6tin!)ishe"

&ocate in *ie# of the 'i&ot

– ;i"e G)a"

• So%eone fa%i&ia" #ith en!ine sta"tin! '"oce)"e

– ;o" 2et en!ine sta"tin! a*oi in&et an e6ha)st a"eas of

'e"sonne& an fo"ei!n ob2ects

ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD

• TUR:INE ENGINE STARTING 1ROCEDURE

– Re%o*e in&et an e6ha)st )cts 3co*e"s5

– T)"n co%'"esso" b( han to ens)"e it "otates f"ee&(

– "e'a"e '"o'e" ca'acit( co%'"esso" ai" o" e&ect"icit( a"econnecte as neee

– Ens)"e no &oose ob2ects at in&et 8 e6ha)st an!e" a"eas

ENGINE OERATION CONTD

ENGINE OERATION CONTD…

• Tur3ine En!ine Startin! Contd*

– In&et an e6ha)st an!e" a"ea

• TUR:INE ENGINE STARTING 1ROCEDURE CONTD*

– T('ica& co%'"esso" )nit

• TUR:INE ENGINE STARTING

– T('ica& %obi&e e&ect"ica& 'o#e" )nit

• TUR:INE ENGINE STARTING

– T('ica& stationa"( e&ect"ica& 'o#e" )nit

– A&#a(s fo&&o# Aircraft .f! In,truction fo" %o"e

etai&e en!ine sta"tin! '"oce)"e

• 1RO1ER START INDICATION

– Inc"ease in EGT/TIT te%'e"at)"e fe# secons afte" sta"t

s#itch is c&ose

Inication of oi& '"ess)"e "ise• I.1RO1ER START INDICATION

– No oi& '"ess)"e inication

– Hot Sta"t

– H)n! Sta"t

• NO OIL 1RESSURE INDICATION

– T)"n f)e& 8 i!nition O;;

– Discontin)e sta"t

Dete"%ine ca)se of '"ob&e%

• HOT START

– +ost a%a!in! to en!ine

– Inicate b( EGT 8 TIT/ITT e6ceein! a&&o#ab&e &i%it

T)"n f)e& 8 i!nition O;;

– Dete"%ine the ca)se an &oo$ fo" an( a%a!e

– Us)a&&( ca)se b( too "ich f)e&/ai" %i6t)"e

• HUNG START

– En!ine sta"ts b)t fai&s to acce&e"ate to se&f-s)stainin!

s'ee 3i&e s'ee5

Sh)t the en!ine off 8 ete"%ine the ca)se – +ost&( ca)se b( ins)fficient 'o#e" to sta"te" o" sta"te"

c)ttin! off befo"e en!ine "eaches se&f s)stainin! s'ee

=. AIRCRA;T INSECTION,DISASSE+=L<, REAIR AND ASSE+=L<TECHNIFUES

INTRODUCTION

• GENERAL

– 9hat o #e %ean b( ai"c"aft ins'ection@

• is)a& e6a%inations an %an)a& chec$s

– 9h( is it "e)i"e@

• To etect an( t"o)b&e befo"e it !ets se"io)s

• To %aintain the a/c in the best 'ossib&e conition

• Re!)&ato"( bo( "e)i"e%ent

INTRODUCTION CONTD

• GENERAL CONTD*

– 9hat o #e ins'ect@

• Ai"f"a%e , En!ine an thei" s(ste%s

Lanin! !ea" an '"o'e&&e" • E&ect"ica& co%'onent an a''&iances

– Ho# oes it initiate@

• +echanic o" i&ot "e'o"t - Unsche)&e

• +f! 8 Re!)&ato"( bo( - Sche)&e ins'ection

INTRODUCTION CONTD

• GENERAL CONTD*

– Sco'e of ai"c"aft ins'ection

• 9a&$ a"o)n ins'ection

Detai& ins'ection co%'&ete isasse%b&( c&eanin! 8ins'. Ais Re'ai" an "econitionin! Test - Asse%b&(

– Res'onsibi&it(

O#ne" o" O'e"ato"

INTRODUCTION CONTD

• GENERAL CONTD*

– =asis of ai"c"aft "e!)&a" ins'ection

• ;&i!ht ho)"s/c(c&es 3n)%be" of ta$e off an &anin!5

• Ca&ena" a(s/#ee$/%onth

– ;acto"s affectin! ins'ection ti%e inte"*a&

• +oe& of ai"c"aft

• T('e of o'e"ation

• O'e"atin! en*i"on%ent

INTRODUCTION CONTD

• GENERAL CONTD*

– Gene"a& ")&e of ins'ection "e)i"e%ent

• La"!e ai"c"aft

– Contin)o)s o" a''"o*e ins'ection '"o!"a%

• S%a&& non-co%%e"cia& ai"c"aft

– Ann)a& ins'ection '"o!"a%

• S%a&& co%%e"cia& ai"c"aft

– 11 h" ins'ection '"o!"a%

T<ES O; INSECTION

• INTRODUCTION

– =asic t('es of ins'ection a"e

. Ro)tine/Re)i"e ins'ection 3Dai&(, +a2o", La"!e a/c8 s'ecia& ins'ections5 - %ost #ie&( s'"ea t('e

4. Confo"%it( Ins'ection 3#hethe" chan!es o"

a&te"ations a"e '"o'e"&( acco%'&ishe5. A''"o*e ins'ection 3a!"ee )'on b( o#ne" an"e!)&ato"( bo(5

CONCEPT OF MAINTENANC

• .aintenance can be b"oa&( efine as the acti*ities

)ne"ta$en to $ee' the e)i'%ent in 'a"tic)&a" o'e"ationa&conition o" to "et)"n it to s)ch a conition.

• The"e is no istinct &ine b/n se"*ice, %aintenance, o*e"ha)&

an "e'ai":

• Ser#ice

• O#er+au 8- ose not necessa"i&( inc&)e "e'ai"s

• RepairB 3 "econitionin!5 %an( 'a"ts of the a/c %a( be

"e'ai"e b( atchin!, S'&icin! an Re'&acin!

• .aintenance in a b"oa sense %a( inc&)e se"*ice,o*e"ha)& an "e'ai".

T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD

T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…

@ ROUTINE/RE<UIRED INS1ECTION

– Inc&)es

• "e/ost f&i!ht/ai&( ins'ection

• +a2o" a/c ins'ection 311 h"s., Ann)a& 8 '"o!"essi*e5

• La"!e ai"c"aft ins'ection 3contin)o)s ins'ection

'"o!"a% - A, = , C, 8 D chec$s5

• S'ecia& ins'ection

• 1RE/1OST FLIGHT/DAIL7 INS1ECTION

– A "e)i"e ins'ection to ete"%ine conition of ai"c"aft

fo" f&i!ht to be con)cte

– Not %aintenance ins'ection

– 9a&$ a"o)n ins'ection

– "e-f&i!ht ins'ection i&ot?s "es'onsibi&it(

– ost-f&i!ht ins'ection- Technician?s tas$

– Sco'e of ins'ection - i&ot o'e"atin! hanboo$ 3OH5

• T71ICAL INS1ECTION AREAS

– Cabin

– T"ai&in! e!e

9in! ti' – Leain! e!e

– Nose of Ai"c"aft

– E%'enna!e

– =a!!a!e co%'a"t%ent

• .A(OR AIRCRAFT INS1ECTION

;AA "e)i"es that a&& ce"tifie ai"c"aft nee %a2o"

ins'ection on 'e"ioic basis

This is a "o)tine/"e)i"e ins'ection

– +a2o" ins'ection t('es inc&)e:

• Ann)a& ins'ection

• 11h" ins'ection

• '"o!"essi*e ins'ection

• ANNUAL INS1ECTION

– +ost&( 'e"fo"%e on non co%%e"cia& ai"c"aft o'e"atin!

&ess f"e)ent&(

– e"fo"%e e*e"( 4 ca&ena" %onths

– 9ho can 'e"fo"% ann)a& ins'ection@

• Ce"tifie A8 technician #ith ins'ection a)tho"i>ation

• Re'"esentati*e of %an)fact)"e"

• e"sonne& of ce"tifie "e'ai" station a''"o*e b( ;AA

– If Ann)a& ins'ection ti%e e6'i"e

• S'ecia& fe""( 'e"%it nee to be iss)e b( ;AA to ta$e

a/c to '&ace of ins'ection.

• In,pection Aut+ori0ation $IA'

– A)tho"i>ation is s)e to e6'e"ience A+T #ho ho&s

both ai"f"a%e an 'o#e" '&ant "atin!

– A&&o#s the ho&e" to

• Con)ct ann)a& ins'ection

• A''"o*e ai"c"aft/en!ine fo" "et)"n to se"*ice afte"

%a2o" "e'ai" o" %a2o" a&te"ation.

• @>> HR INS1ECTION

– e"fo"%e on co%%e"cia& ai"c"aft f"e)ent o'e"ation

– Ca""ie o)t b( ce"tifie A8 technician #itho)t IA

e"fo"%e e*e"( 11 h"s of f&(in! o'e"atin! ho)"s – if 11h" ins'ection e6'i"es:

• Can be e6tene b( 1h"s b)t %)st be e)cte

fo"% ne6t ins'ection ti%e 3 the ne6t ins'ection )e

ti%e is 1 o'e"atin! ho)"s5

• DIFFERENCES - ANNUAL & @>>HR INS1ECTION

– ;"e)enc( of ins'ection

– A)tho"i>e 'e"sonne&

11h" ins'ection Ce"tifie A8 technician• Ann)a& ins'ection Ce"tifie A8 IA

– Ins'ection e6tension

• 11h" ins'ection can be e6tene b( 1h"s

• Ann)a& ins'ection S'ecia& fe""( 'e"%it neee

• 1ROGRESSI;E INS1ECTION

– A&te"nati*e ins'ection '"o!"a% to %ini%i>e a/c o#n

– Sco'e an etai& of ann)a& ins'ection '"o!"a% is i*ie

t('ica&&( f"o% fo)" to si6

– A*anta!e a&&o# a/c to f&( ai&(

– 9"itten "e)est %)st be s)b%itte to &oca& ;AA

– Co""ect '"oce)"e of the a''"o'"iate ins'ection %an)a&

to be fo&&o#e

• LARGE AIRCRAFT INS1ECTION

– La"!e T)"bo2et o" T)"bo-'"o'e&&e" 'o#e"e %)&ti-en!ine a/c

– +)st be ins'ecte 'e" '"o!"a% s'ecifie in "e!)&ations

Ao'te to s'ecific a/c 8 its o'e"atin! conition• Contin)o)s ins'ection '"o!"a%

– ;o" a/c o'e"atin! )ne" "e!)&ations

– +o"e co%'&e6 than ann)a&/11h" ins'ection

– Inc&)e "o)tine an etai& ins'ection

S O S C O CO

• CONTINUOUS INS1ECTION 1ROGRA.E

– Detai& ins'ection '"o!"a% inc&)e

• A-Chec$ %ino" %aintenance chec$ 11-11h"

=Chec$ 11-411h" • C-Chec$ %a2o" %aintenance chec$ 411h"

• D- Chec$ in*o&*e %a2o" isasse%b&(, "e%o*a&,

o*e"ha)& 8 st")ct)"a& ins'ection

– Occ)"s th"ee/fo)" ti%e in ai"c"aft &ife ti%e

• S1ECIAL INS1ECTION

- Ins'ection t('e base on the conition of the a/c

• CONDITIONAL INS1ECTION $A:NOR.AL E;ENTS'

– Ins'ections 'e"fo"%e )e to incients affectin!

ai"#o"thiness of ai"c"aft

• Ha" o" o*e"#ei!ht &anin!

• ;&i!ht th") se*e"e t)"b)&ence

"o'e&&e" st"i$e o" s)en sto''a!e – Ins'ect 'o#e" '&ant 'e" %f! "eco%%enation

• Li!htnin! st"i$e, fi"e a%a!e o" f&oo a%a!e

? CONFOR.IT7 INS1ECTION

– Dete"%ine if chan!es o" a&te"ations a"e '"o'e"&(

acco%'&ishe

• +a2o" A&te"ations

– ;AA fo"% J %)st be co%'&ete

• +ino" a&te"ation

• E6'o"t o" i%'o"t of ai"c"aft

• "e-')"chase ins'ection

A11RO;ED INS1ECTION

– An ins'ection '"o!"a% a!"ee )'on b( o#ne" an

"e!)&ato"( bo(

– I%'&e%ente on&( if ;AA ete"%ines ann)a&, 11h" o"

'"o!"essi*e ins'ection a"e not ae)ate to %eet ;AR

'a"t B

– +an)fact)"e" "eco%%enation can be )se as a basis

INSECTION HASES

• GENERAL

– "e ins'ection 'hase

– Loo$ 3E6a%ination5 'hase

– Se"*ice 8 "e'ai" 'hase

– ;)nctiona& chec$ 'hase

– Ret)"n to se"*ice 'hase

INSECTION HASES CONTD…

• 1RE BINS1ECTION 1HASE

– Inc&)es

• Aircraft o! 3oo) "e*ie# %aintenance histo"(

• O'e"ationa& chec$ inc&)es en!ine ")n )'-)a&itati*e

• C+ec) i,t 8 too& '"e'a"ation

• O'en )' of access '&ates an oo"s

• Gene"a& &ea$ obse"*ation an c&eanin!

• Aircraft o! 3oo)

– Consists of etai& %aintenance, ins'ection 8 co%'onent

histo"( of ai"c"aft

• Ti%e on ai"f"a%e, en!ine, 8 '"o'e&&e"

• Histo"( of a&& si!nificant e*ents occ)""e

• Re'&ace%ent of TCI - ti%e of co%'onents o"

accesso"ies

– E6a%'&e - =atte"( an s'a"$ '&)!s

• Co%'&iance #ith "e!)&ato"( bo(/%an)fact)"e"s?

"e)i"e%ent

• C+ec) Li,t

– Ens)"es no ite% is o*e"&oo$e 3ins'ect acco"in! to the

chec$ &ist5

– Desi!n - %an)fact)"e" o" (o)" o#n

– Ite%s to inc&)e

• ;)se&a!e, coc$'it, en!ine, &anin! !ea", #in!,

'"o'e&&e" etc…

• LOO6 $E=A.INATION' 1HASE

– Act)a& ins'ection on the ai"c"aft to ete"%ine the

conition as 'e" chec$ &ist '"e'a"e an inc&)es:

• Loo$in!

• ;ee&in!

• Chec$in!

• O'e"atin!

• Testin!

• SER;ICE & RE1AIR 1HASE - reconditionin!

– Ens)"es ai"#o"thiness 8 "et)"n to se"*ice of ai"c"aft

• L)b"icatin! #hee&s an bea"in!s

• C&eanin! an "e'&acin! fi&te"s

• Se"*icin! h("a)&ic an 'ne)%atic s(ste%s

• =atte"( se"*icin!

• Re'ai", an o*e"ha)& of co%'onents

• FUNCTIONAL CHEC6 1HASE

– Ens)"es '"o'e" co%'&etions of

• "e*enti*e %aintenance

• Co""ecti*e %aintenance

• Re'ai", o*e"ha)& o" a&te"ation acti*ities

– It?s a )antitati*e chec$

• RETURN TO SER;ICE 1HASE

– A''"o*a& fo" "et)"n to se"*ice an inc&)es:

• Co%'&etion of 'a'e" #o"$ as 'e" "e!)&ations

– +a$in! ent"ies on a''"o'"iate "eco" on &o! boo$

– &acin! of a''"o'"iate si!nat)"e

• Hi!h )a&it( &o! boo$ %ean hi!h )a&it( ai"c"aft

NON DESTRUCTIE TESTING

NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…

;i i th f t 8 t i i it t t i fi t t i NDT

– ;inin! the efect 8 ete"%inin! its e6tent is fi"st ste' in NDT.

– +ost !ene"a&&( )se efect etection %ethos a"e

• is)a& ins'ection

• enet"ant ins'ection

• +a!netic 'a"tic&e ins'ection fo" fe""o)s %eta&s

• U&t"asonic ins'ection

• Raio!"a'h( ins'ection

• E( c)""ent ins'ection

– Defects in %eta&s can be !"o)'e into

.Inhe"ent 3f"o% so&iification5

4."ocessin! 3fo"%in!, fab"ication5

.Se"*ice 3 as a "es)&t of st"esses an st"ains5

• ;ISUAL INS1ECTION

9e&& t"aine 8 e6'e"ience technician is %ost effecti*e too& fo" theseins'ection

• =( the %etho the fo&&o#in! efects can be etecte :

- c"ac$, co""osion, conta%ination, s)"face finish on #e&e 2oint,

ahesi*e bonin! etc. –9ie&( )se to etect c"ac$s on ai"c"aft st")ct)"e

–O&est 8 %ost co%%on

–Co*e"s 01K of a&& NDT %ethos

– Assiste b( b"i!ht &i!ht, %a!nif(in! !&ass, ins'ection %i""o",

=o"esco'e an othe" %eans

• Note8 No defect doe, not "ean no furt+er in,pection

=o"e sco'e is a e*ice )se to seehien 'a"t #itho)t isasse%b&(.

Consists of &ens, &i!ht an f&e6ib&e o""i!i t)bin!

• 1ENETRANT INS1ECTION

1ENETRANT INS1ECTION

– St"ess co""osion c"ac$s #hich a"e se&o% iffic)&t to

etect #ith *is)a& ins'ection can be fo)n b( 'enet"ant

ins'ection 3fo" 'a"ts that can?t be %a!neti>e5 .

– The '"inci'&e is base )'on the abi&it( of a &i)i to

'enet"ate an( c"ac$ o" s)"face o'enin! %a$in! the

c"ac$ *isib&e to the nec$e e(e

– Useab&e on both fe""o)s 8 non-fe""o)s %eta&s

Ste's inc&)e "e%o*in! i"t an 'aint – A''&(in! 'enet"ant 8 #aitin! "eco%%ene ti%e fo"

&i)i to ente" c"ac$s

– Re%o*in! e6cess 'enet"ant 8 a''&(in! e*e&o'e"

1ENETRANT INS1ECTION CONT*

– De*e&o'e" ')&&s 'enet"ant o)t of c"ac$

– If 'enet"ant )se is "e (e

• C"ac$ a''ea" as "e a!ainst #hite bac$ !"o)n

– If 'enet"ant )se is f&)o"escent (e

• C"ac$ a''ea" as !"een &ines )ne" U o" b&ac$ &i!ht

– Li%itation is

• C"ac$ #i&& not be seen if co*e"e #ith co""osion

• Cannot be )se on 'o"o)s %ate"ia&s

• .AGNETIC 1ARTICLE INS1ECTION $.AGNAFLU='

- Use on&( on i"on base %eta&s #hich can be %a!neti>e

- As the c)""ent 'asses th"o)!h the 'a"t a %a!netic fie&

is set )' #ithin an a"o)n the 'a"t 'e"'enic)&a" to the

i"ection of the f&o# of c)""ent

- An( c"ac$ in the s)"face of a %eta& #i&& inte"")'t the

&ines of %a!netic f&)6 #ithin the %eta& an fo"%

%a!netic 'o&es a"o)n the c"ac$

- S%a&& %a!netic 'a"tic&es #i&& be att"acte b( the

%a!netic 'o&es fo"%e b( the c"ac$ as s%a&& &ine

MAGNETIC PARTICLE CONT…

- Lon!it)ina& %a!neti>ation - to &ocate c"ac$s an

efects 'e"'enic)&a" to the &on!it)ina& a6is

- Ci"c)&a" %a!neti>ation to &ocate c"ac$s 'a"a&&e& to

&on!it)ina& a6is

• ULTRASONIC INS1ECTION

It e%'&o(s one of the se*e"a& t('es of e&ect"onic )nits #hicht"ans%it an )&t"asonic so)n #a*e th"o)!h a %ate"ia& to &ocate a

– 9hen the )&t"asonic #a*e hits an( t('e of efect, it is "ef&ecte

bac$ to the )nit an bac$ to the cathoe "a( t)be #hich !i*es an

inication of the e'th an e6tent of the efect

• Cathoe "a( t)be 3CRT5

• C"(sta& sea"ch )nit

• ;&a# 3efect5 inication 3&a# a%'&it)e5

• Nea" s)"face an =ac$ s)"face inications 3hi!h a%'&it)e5

0 2 4 6 8 10

• ULTRASONIC INS1ECTION CONT*

– Hi!h f"e)enc( so)n #a*es int"o)ce into a %ate"ia&

an "ef&ecte bac$ f"o% s)"faces o" f&a#s.

– Ref&ecte so)n ene"!( is is'&a(e on the inst")%ent

crac0 echo

initial

pulse bac0 surface

• RADIOGRA1H7 INS1ECTION

– +o"e iffic)&t 8 %o"e e6'ensi*e than othe" t('es of non

est")cti*e testin! %ethos

– A*anta!e is st")ct)"e oes not nee to be isasse%b&e

– -"a( an Ga%%a "a(s a"e e6t"e%e&( hi!h f"e)enc( E+ #a*es

an ab&e to 'ass th") st")ct)"e 8 e6'ose fi&%s 3 an Ga%%a"a(s a"e nat)"a&&( occ)""in! as 'enet"atin! "aiation5

– ;i&% '"ocesse an inte"'"ete to fin co""osion o" c"ac$

– Defects a"e inicate b( *a"io)s cont"asts of !"a( 8 a"$ a"ea

on the fi&% "e)i"es e6'e"ience 'e"sonne&

– Da"$ a"eas a"e '"o)ce b( the ease of 'enet"ation of "a(

th"o)!h the *oi

an Ga%%a "a(s inications a"e '"o)ce on a 'hoto!"a'hic fi&% b( '&acin! the 'a"t to be ins'ecte b/n

the fi&% an o" Ga%%a "a( !ene"atin! )nit

CO.1ARISION8

• Ga%%a "a(s a"e %o"e 'o"tab&e

• Ga%%a "a(s #i&& 'enet"ate !"eate" thic$ness than 6-"a(s

• -"a(s a"e bette" fo" etection of s%a&& efects in sections

&ess than 4 inches thic$

• E6'os)"e fo" 6-"a(s ta$e secons "athe" than ho)"s fo"

Ga%%a "a(s

NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…• EDD7 CURRENT INS1ECTION

• EDD7 CURRENT INS1ECTION

– E( c)""ents a"e the i"ectiona& f&o# of f"ee e&ect"ons

in a con)cto" )ne" the inf&)ence of an e&ect"o%a!netic

– Use to etect

• S)"face 8 s)bs)"face c"ac$s

• Co""osion on inne" s)"faces

– A&so )se to ete"%ine

• A&&o( t('e, Ha"ness, Thic$ness an Heat t"eat%ent

conition of a %ate"ia& 3 b( s)itab&e ca&ib"ation an

ana&(sis of the "es'onse *a"iations of e( c)""ent

inst")%ent "ea o)t5

Con)cti*e %ate"ia&

Coi& Coi&Ms%a!netic fie&

c)""ents

E( c)""entMs%a!netic fie&

NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…• 1RINCI1LE OF O1ERATION OF ECI

– AC a''&ie to coi& c"eates '"i%a"( o" coi& %a!netic fie&

– "i%a"( %a!netic fie& o''oses f&o# of o"i!ina& c)""ent

– &acin! this coi& nea" a con)ctin! s'eci%en - e( 3ci"c)&a"5

c)""ents #i&& be in)ce into the s'eci%en

– The e( c)""ent c"eate secona"( o" e( c)""ent %a!netic fie&

– Secona"( fie& ais o"i!ina& c)""ent f&o#

– Diffe"ence bet#een '"i%a"( 8 secona"( fie& is etecte as chan!e

in coi& i%'eance an is'&a(e as *o&ta!e *a"iation b( the e(

c)""ent inst")%ent

– S)"face o" nea" s)"face c"ac$s ca)se a %a2o" is")'tion of the e(

c)""ent 'atte"n in a con)cto" an the"efo"e '"o)ce a etectab&e

chan!e in the ba&ance b/n '"i%a"( an secona"( e&ect"o%a!netic

Coi& Coi&Ms%a!netic fie&

c)""ents

E( c)""entMs%a!netic fie&

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