cern neutrinos to gran sasso: the cngs facility at cern l edda gschwendtner, cern
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WINrsquo11
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoThe CNGS Facility at CERN
l
Edda Gschwendtner CERN
WINrsquo11 Cape Town South Africa 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2
Outline
bull Introduction to CNGS at CERN
bull Layout and Main Parameters
bull Performance and Operational Experience
bull Operating a High Intensity Facility
bull Summary
CERNPS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
WINrsquo11Neutrino Introduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso
Italy (732km)
CERN
Gran Sasso
3
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 4
Introduction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
producemuon-neutrinos
measuretau-neutrinos
CERN
Gra
n Sa
sso
732km
~41019 pyear ~21019 year ~2 year (~11017 year)
Physics started in 2008 today 951019 pot
Expect ~10 events in OPERA
Approved for 2251019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year (200 days intensity of 241013 potextraction )
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 5
Introduction
Posccc (arbitrary units)
-fluence
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Beam optimization Intensity as high as possible Neutrino energy matched for -
appearance experiments
WINrsquo11How to Detect a Tau Neutrino interaction in the target produces a lepton lepton very short lifetime
e- h
3h
Identification of tau by the characteristic lsquokinkrsquo on the decay point
Tau lifetime 2910-13sclifetime 87 m
Need high resolution detector to observe the kinkLarge mass due to small interaction probability
CNGS tau lorenzboost of ~10Tau tracklength ~1mm
6
WINrsquo11Neutrino Detectors in Gran Sasso
ICARUS600 ton Liquid Argon TPC
OPERA 12 kton emulsion target detector~146000 lead emulsion bricks
7
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 8
CNGS Classical method to produce neutrino beam
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce high energy pions and kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2
Outline
bull Introduction to CNGS at CERN
bull Layout and Main Parameters
bull Performance and Operational Experience
bull Operating a High Intensity Facility
bull Summary
CERNPS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
WINrsquo11Neutrino Introduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso
Italy (732km)
CERN
Gran Sasso
3
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 4
Introduction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
producemuon-neutrinos
measuretau-neutrinos
CERN
Gra
n Sa
sso
732km
~41019 pyear ~21019 year ~2 year (~11017 year)
Physics started in 2008 today 951019 pot
Expect ~10 events in OPERA
Approved for 2251019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year (200 days intensity of 241013 potextraction )
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 5
Introduction
Posccc (arbitrary units)
-fluence
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Beam optimization Intensity as high as possible Neutrino energy matched for -
appearance experiments
WINrsquo11How to Detect a Tau Neutrino interaction in the target produces a lepton lepton very short lifetime
e- h
3h
Identification of tau by the characteristic lsquokinkrsquo on the decay point
Tau lifetime 2910-13sclifetime 87 m
Need high resolution detector to observe the kinkLarge mass due to small interaction probability
CNGS tau lorenzboost of ~10Tau tracklength ~1mm
6
WINrsquo11Neutrino Detectors in Gran Sasso
ICARUS600 ton Liquid Argon TPC
OPERA 12 kton emulsion target detector~146000 lead emulsion bricks
7
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 8
CNGS Classical method to produce neutrino beam
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce high energy pions and kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Neutrino Introduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso
Italy (732km)
CERN
Gran Sasso
3
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 4
Introduction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
producemuon-neutrinos
measuretau-neutrinos
CERN
Gra
n Sa
sso
732km
~41019 pyear ~21019 year ~2 year (~11017 year)
Physics started in 2008 today 951019 pot
Expect ~10 events in OPERA
Approved for 2251019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year (200 days intensity of 241013 potextraction )
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 5
Introduction
Posccc (arbitrary units)
-fluence
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Beam optimization Intensity as high as possible Neutrino energy matched for -
appearance experiments
WINrsquo11How to Detect a Tau Neutrino interaction in the target produces a lepton lepton very short lifetime
e- h
3h
Identification of tau by the characteristic lsquokinkrsquo on the decay point
Tau lifetime 2910-13sclifetime 87 m
Need high resolution detector to observe the kinkLarge mass due to small interaction probability
CNGS tau lorenzboost of ~10Tau tracklength ~1mm
6
WINrsquo11Neutrino Detectors in Gran Sasso
ICARUS600 ton Liquid Argon TPC
OPERA 12 kton emulsion target detector~146000 lead emulsion bricks
7
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 8
CNGS Classical method to produce neutrino beam
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce high energy pions and kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 4
Introduction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
producemuon-neutrinos
measuretau-neutrinos
CERN
Gra
n Sa
sso
732km
~41019 pyear ~21019 year ~2 year (~11017 year)
Physics started in 2008 today 951019 pot
Expect ~10 events in OPERA
Approved for 2251019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year (200 days intensity of 241013 potextraction )
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 5
Introduction
Posccc (arbitrary units)
-fluence
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Beam optimization Intensity as high as possible Neutrino energy matched for -
appearance experiments
WINrsquo11How to Detect a Tau Neutrino interaction in the target produces a lepton lepton very short lifetime
e- h
3h
Identification of tau by the characteristic lsquokinkrsquo on the decay point
Tau lifetime 2910-13sclifetime 87 m
Need high resolution detector to observe the kinkLarge mass due to small interaction probability
CNGS tau lorenzboost of ~10Tau tracklength ~1mm
6
WINrsquo11Neutrino Detectors in Gran Sasso
ICARUS600 ton Liquid Argon TPC
OPERA 12 kton emulsion target detector~146000 lead emulsion bricks
7
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 8
CNGS Classical method to produce neutrino beam
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce high energy pions and kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 5
Introduction
Posccc (arbitrary units)
-fluence
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Beam optimization Intensity as high as possible Neutrino energy matched for -
appearance experiments
WINrsquo11How to Detect a Tau Neutrino interaction in the target produces a lepton lepton very short lifetime
e- h
3h
Identification of tau by the characteristic lsquokinkrsquo on the decay point
Tau lifetime 2910-13sclifetime 87 m
Need high resolution detector to observe the kinkLarge mass due to small interaction probability
CNGS tau lorenzboost of ~10Tau tracklength ~1mm
6
WINrsquo11Neutrino Detectors in Gran Sasso
ICARUS600 ton Liquid Argon TPC
OPERA 12 kton emulsion target detector~146000 lead emulsion bricks
7
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 8
CNGS Classical method to produce neutrino beam
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce high energy pions and kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11How to Detect a Tau Neutrino interaction in the target produces a lepton lepton very short lifetime
e- h
3h
Identification of tau by the characteristic lsquokinkrsquo on the decay point
Tau lifetime 2910-13sclifetime 87 m
Need high resolution detector to observe the kinkLarge mass due to small interaction probability
CNGS tau lorenzboost of ~10Tau tracklength ~1mm
6
WINrsquo11Neutrino Detectors in Gran Sasso
ICARUS600 ton Liquid Argon TPC
OPERA 12 kton emulsion target detector~146000 lead emulsion bricks
7
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 8
CNGS Classical method to produce neutrino beam
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce high energy pions and kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Neutrino Detectors in Gran Sasso
ICARUS600 ton Liquid Argon TPC
OPERA 12 kton emulsion target detector~146000 lead emulsion bricks
7
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 8
CNGS Classical method to produce neutrino beam
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce high energy pions and kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 8
CNGS Classical method to produce neutrino beam
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce high energy pions and kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 9
CERN PS
SPS
LHC
CNGS
Lake Geneva
CERN Accelerator Complex
bull From SPS 400 GeVcbull Cycle length 6 sbull 2 Extractions separated by 50msbull Pulse length 105sbull Beam intensity 2x 24 middot 1013 pppbull Beam power up to 500kWbull mm
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 10
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 11
secondary beam area most challenging zone (targetndashmagnetic horns)
CNGS Challenges and Design Criteriabull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam (500kW 400GeVc)
ndash Induced radioactivity bull In components shielding fluids etchellip
ndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquobull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)
ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam needs tuning interlocks
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 12
CNGS Primary Beam Line
840 m total length 100 m extraction together with LHC
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 13
Primary Beam Line
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Downstream end of the proton beam last beam position and beam profile monitors
BN collimator d=14mm
Be window t=100m
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 15
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
bull Air cooled graphite target
bull Multiplicity detector ndash TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 magnetic horns (horn and reflector)
bull Decay tube
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations ndash Muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam Line
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 16
CNGS Target
CNGS Target 13 graphite rods
each 10 cm long Oslash = 5 mm andor 4 mm 27 interaction length
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Note - target rods thin interspaced to ldquolet the pions outrdquo- target shall be robust to resist the beam-induced stresses - target is air-cooled (particle energy deposition)
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 17
CNGS Target
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 18
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m longbull inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit to evacuate 26kW
ndash In situ spare easy switchndash Remote water connection
bull Remote handling amp electrical connectionsbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Decay Tube
ndash 994m longndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 245m diameter t=18mm surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 20
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
Muon Monitors
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 21
CNGS Timeline until Today
Repairs amp improvements
in the horns
Additional shielding
Reconfiguration of
service electronics
Target inspection
Civil engineering
works for the drains
amp water evacuation
2000-2005Civil
Engineering Installation
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
OPERA detectorready
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Run 2010
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
22
-Ap
r
2-M
ay
12
-Ma
y
22
-Ma
y
1-J
un
11
-Ju
n
21
-Ju
n
1-J
ul
11
-Ju
l
21
-Ju
l
31
-Ju
l
10
-Au
g
20
-Au
g
30
-Au
g
9-S
ep
19
-Se
p
29
-Se
p
9-O
ct
19
-Oc
t
29
-Oc
t
8-N
ov
18
-No
v
28
-No
v
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
Achieved protons on target 404E19 Expected protons on target 383E19
SPS CNGS efficiency 8115
22
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 23
CNGS Physics Run Comparison of Yearly Integrated Intensity
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
000E+00
500E+18
100E+19
150E+19
200E+19
250E+19
300E+19
350E+19
400E+19
450E+19
500E+19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
days
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
404E19 pot
2010 (218days)
352E19 pot2009 (180 days)
178E19 pot2008 (133days)
Nominal (200days) 45E19 potyr
Total today 95E19 pot
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 24
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094
Integrated efficiency 7286
2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 8115
2010
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 25
CNGS Operation in 20092010bull Improvements in SPS control system
ndash Allows fast switching between super cycles gain in time bull Improvements in CNGS facility and shutdown work
ndash No additional stops for maintenance
2009 11 more protons on target than expected
2010 5 more pot than expected
57 duty cycle for CNGS with LHC operation and Fixed Target program
5 beam cycles to CNGS1 beam cycle toFix Target Experiments
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 2626
CNGS Performance Beam IntensityProtons on target per extraction for 2010
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 94Injection losses ~ 6
Nominal beam intensity24E13 potextraction
Intensity limitsbull Losses in the PSbull SPS RF
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Mean 188E13 potextraction
2E13 potextr
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 27
Beam Position on Target
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (80) m horiz (vert) over entire run
bull No active position feedback is necessaryndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last Beam Position Monitor in front of the target
shielding
shielding
horntarget
collimator
BPM
beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
Vertical beam position [mm]Horizontal beam position [mm]
RMS =54m RMS =77m
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Neu2012 27-28 Sept 2010 CERNEdda Gschwendtner CERN 28
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector pit 1
muon detector pit 2
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 29
Muon Monitors
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Very sensitive to any beam changes Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
Centroid = sum(Qi di) sum(Qi)Qi is the number of chargespot in the i-th detectordi is the position of the i-th detector
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 30
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
Beam position correlated to beam position on target ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on target
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
~80m parallel beam shift 5cm shift of muon profile centroid
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity Puzzlebull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction
betweenndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 31WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well
(absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated m fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA s
imul
ation
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 32WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 33
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UKA
sim
ulati
ons
2008
Data amp simulation agree within 5 (~10) in first (second) muon pitWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Operating a High Intensity Facility
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 34WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo112005-07 Magnetic Horns Repair and Improvements
Water leak Failure in one ceramic
connector in drainage of the 2nd magnetic hornminus Repair work and design
improvements in the cooling circuit on both magnetic horns detailled radiation dose planning extra shielding
Damage in one of the flexible strip-line connectors
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011Edda Gschwendtner CERN 35
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 36
Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS Service gallery due to radiation effects in electronics (SEU ndash Single Event Upsets- due to high energy hadron fluence)
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area large fraction of electronics in tunnel area
High-energy (gt20MeV) hadrons fluence (hcm2) for 45E19 pots
A Ferrari L Sarchiapone et al FLUKA simulations 2008
Ventilation units in the service gallery
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
11th ICATPP Villa Olmo Como 5-9 Oct 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN 37
2007-2008 CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
Modifications during shutdown 200708ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS
tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which
needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3
thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamberWINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
37
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
38
2009-2010 Sump and Ventilation System Modification and Improvements
Modification ofbull Sump system in the CNGS area
avoid contamination of the drain water by tritium produced in the target chamberndash Try to remove drain water before reaches the target areas and gets in contact with the airndash Construction of two new sumps and piping work
bull Ventilation system configuration and operationndash Keep target chamber TCC4 under pressure wrt the other areasndash Do not propagate the tritiated air into other areas and being in contact with the drain water
2 new small sumps (1m3) pump out water immediately
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11CNGS 2011
Physics run starts on 18th March 2011End of physics 21st November 2011
If all goes well as in 2010 we expect more than 45E19 protons on target in 2011
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 39WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
2011 Injector Schedule
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 40
Summary
bull All issues at CNGS so far come from lsquoperipheral equipmentrsquo and general services
ndash start-up issues of CNGS have been overcome
bull BUT Operating and maintaining a high-intensity facility is very challengingndash Tritium issue fatigue corrosionhellip
bull Beam performance since start of physics run in 2008 CNGS is very goodndash Expect to have 14 E19 pot by end of 2011ndash CERN will continue with physics running in 2012ndash 1 year stop in 2013
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 41
Additional slides
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 42
CNGS Primary Beambull Extraction interlock modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC
and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
Primary proton beam trajectory
840m
target
Extracted SPS beam
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 43
Beam Stability Seen on Muon Monitors
bull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2-3cm rms
Horizontal centroid [mm]
RMS =302cm
Vertical centroid [mm]
RMS =26cm
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 44
Continuous Surveillance
The CNGS facility is well monitored Redundancy is important
Protons on TargetExtractionTemp downstream HornHorn water conductivityHorn cooling water temperature
45deg
60deg
2deg
11deg
13deg
20deg22E13
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11Intensity Limitations from the CNGS Facility
Intensity per PS batch PS batches
Int per SPS cycle
200 days 100 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency no sharing
200 days 55 efficiency 60 CNGS sharing
[prot6s cycle]
[potyear] [potyear] [potyear]
24times1013 - Nominal CNGS 2 48times1013 138times1020 76times1019 456times1019
35times1013 - Ultimate CNGS 2 70times1013 (202times1020) (111times1020) (665times1019)
Design limit for target horn kicker
instrumentation
CNGS working hypothesis
Working hypothesis for RP calculations
Design limit for horn shielding decay tube
hadron stop
Horn designed for 2E7 pulses today we have 14E7 pulses spare horn
Intensity upgrade from the injectors are being now evaluated
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 46
Multi-Turn-Extractionbull Novel extraction scheme from PS to SPS
ndash Beam is separated in the transverse phase space usingbull Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles and octupoles) to create stable islandsbull Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance
ndash Beneficial effectsbull No mechanical device to slice the beam losses are reducedbull The phase space matching is improved bull The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters
Five beamlets separated by 1 PS turn
Result of the first extraction test in the PS extraction line (TT2) with one bunch
Courtesy MTE project - M Giovannozzi et al
Evolution of the horizontal beam distribution during the splitting
MTE extracted beam in 2009 during Machine Development periods2010 Started with MTE then classical extraction
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 47
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
WINrsquo11
Edda Gschwendtner CERN 48
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction 24 1013
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Dedicated mode500kW
beam power
WINrsquo11 Cape Town 31st Jan ndash 5th Feb 2011
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