ce462-chapter1

CONSTRUTION SAFETY AND ENGINEERING ETHICS

CONSTRUTION SAFETY AND ENGINEERING ETHICSLecture 1: Accident Statistics

Assist. Prof. Dr. zgr KYLOLU

Yeditepe University, Faculty of EngineeringCivil Engineering Department, Room: A-202AE-mail: ozgur.koyluoglu@yeditepe.edu.trDefinition of Work AccidentsSocial Security and National Health Security Act (Law #5510):An accident is an occurance happening when;The employee is at work,Due to the work executed by the Employer, if the insured is working on his/her behalf independently due to the work executed by himself,Due to travel of the insured who is working as an amployee, at times he/she is not doing the main workAt the maternal employees is breastfeeding times, in accordance with Artcile 4 part 1 (a) of this Lawthe insured is commuting to work with a vehicle provided by the employerresulting in immediate or future mental or physical disability of those under social security Scope of Work AccidentsThose employed on temporary employment, permanent employment, self employed, employer or family worker working on an unpaid basis are within the scope of the work accidents. Work accidents include the accidents at the work site or during execution of the work, which may result in any type of injuries or fatality, including the traffic accidents while travelling for a business meeting.Scope of Work Ill HealthAny kind of health problem the worker is subjected to during the last 12 months, which is attributable to existing work conditions or worsening previous health problems.Motivation - UK

Construction is high risk industry. According to the ILO (International Labor Organization) risk of accidents is 6 times higher than other industriesIn UK, 5% of the employees work in construction industry however it accounts for 31% of fatal injuries and 10% of reported major/specific injuries[1]. In 2013/14, there were 42 fatal injuries in the construction industry.Fig. 1.1. Numbers of Fatal Injuries to Employees from 1973 to 2013/2014[1] (The Reporitng of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurances Regulations; RIDDOR)Definition of Major Injuries[1]Fracture, other than to fingers, thumbs or toesDislocation of the shoulder, hip, knee or spineChemical or hot metal burn to, or penetrating injury of, the eyeInjury leading to hypothermia, heat-induced illness or to unconsciousnessInjury requring admittance to hospital for more than 24 hoursAcute illness requiring medical treatment or loss of consciousness, resulting from the absorption of any substance by inhalation, ingestion or through the skinDefinition of Major Injuries[1]Amputation (loss of a body part)Loss of sight, temporary or permanentInjury from electric shock or burn leading to unconsciousness or requiring resuscitation or more than 24 hours hospitalInjury requiring resuscitation Los of consciousness through asphyxia (loss of breath) or exposure to a harmful substance or biological agentAcute illness requiring medical treatment where there is reason to believe that it resulted from exposure to a biological agent or its toxins or infected materialMotivation - TurkeyTotal number of accidents is 69 227 in 2011[2] (79 027 in 2006), constituting appx. 1.0 % of employment as per Ministry figures[3].In Turkey, 10% of the accidents occur in construction works, corresponding to 25% of work accidents resulting in permanent work loss and 34% of the fatal work accidents[3].In 2012, 744 fatal accidents occurred; 256 of these working in the construction industry. Fatalities in 2011 in the construction industry was 570[4].

Table 1.1. Work Accident, Permanent Work Loss and Death Statistics [5]Accident Statistics Turkey - Metal products industry has the highest number of accidents, yet fatalities in construction industry is 10 times higher.

Table 1.2. Work Accident, Permanent Work Loss and Death Statistics (2006) [2]Accident Statistics Turkey - In 2012 total registered employment was 18.3 million. Table 1.3. Work Accident, Permanent Work Loss and Death Statistics on 3 Highest Accident Industries (2011, 2012) [6]

Construction Accidents in Construction Types UK- Fig. 1.3. Percentage of Construction Injuries Classified as per Construction Activity[1]RIDDOR Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurances Regulations ; ONS Office of National Statistics

Occurance in buildings is much higher than the infrastructure works.Construction Accidents in Construction Types Turkey- Fig. 1.4. Percentage of Construction Injuries Classified as per Construction Activity[5]Occurance in buildings is much higher than the infrastructure works.Fatal Construction Injuries UK- Table 1.3. Kinds of Fatal Injury in Construction[1]

For 2013/14, rate of occurance of fatal injuries was approximately 1.6 per 100 000 workers (highest in 2006/07 with 3.1) [1].Number of fatal injuries was 42 in 2013/14.Major/Specified Construction Injuries UK- Table 1.4. Kinds of Major/Specified Injury in Construction[1]

For 2013/14, rate of occurance of major/specified injuries was approximately 160 per 100 000 workers (highest before 2008/09 with 275)[1]Fatal & Major/Specified Construction Injuries Turkey - Table 1.5. Kinds of Injury in Construction[5]

Ill Health Issues UK- Occupational cancer is largest in construction industry than the other industrial sectors; due to exposure to asbestos (69%), silica (17%), paints (6-7%), diesel engine exhaust (6-7%); also solar radiation; coal tars and pitches.

Table 1.4. Work Related Illnesses According to the Voluntary Reporting of Occupational Diseases by Doctors (THOR and THOR-GP) [1] Ill Health Issues Turkey - Table 1.5. Ill Health Statistics for All Industries (2006) [2]

Ill Health Issues Turkey - Table 1.6. Ill Health Reporting (2007) [6]

Reporting of ill-health is not satisfactory in Turkey.

Consequences of Failure in SafetyEthical and emotional, remorse / feeling responsible.Legal consequences prosecutions / imprisonementIn 2013/14, number of fatal injuries were 42.An estimated number of cases related to work ill-health is 76 000 in UK of which 31 000 were new casesIn Turkey number of work ill-health cases were 895 000 in 2013 (1 217 000 in 2007), constituting 2.1 % (3.7 %) of those employed Financial consequences fines / indemnities and costs to the governmentSecondary effects work days lost In UK (2013/14), an estimated 2.3 million working days were lost; 1.7 million due to ill health and 592.000 due to workplace injury Losses and Financial Consequences - UK

Fig. 1.2. Economic Costs 2012/2013[1]Between 2011/12 and 2013/14 the average number of work days lost due to injury was 0.6 million, equivalent to 0.3 days per worker in construction industry (0.18 for all industries).Imposes costs to employer (sick pay etc), on those suffering (pain, grief etc) and on government (health care expenditure etc)Economic costs of workplace injury and work related illness cases was estimated 1.1 billion sterlin in 2012/13.

Losses and Financial Consequences TurkeyDirect financial losses due to permanent disability and fatality,work days lost or loss of production efficiencytreatment costsamount to 3.9 billion liras in Turkey.

Indirect financial losses due to emergency actions right after the accidentwork loss due to termination of works,doctors and necessary equipments and activities for rescueresuming the workscan cost the same amounttotalling 7.7 billion Turkish Liras [8].Legal Consequences UK- Health and Safety Engineers and Local/Governmental Authorities are responsible for enforcing health and safety legislation.Tools to secure compliance; In 2013/14, nearly 95% of cases resulted in a conviction.Fig. 1.3. Prosecutions in Construction [1]

Legal Consequences Turkey[8]- Penalties for Work Accidents Turkey[8] Legal Authoritiesalma ve Sosyal Gvenlik Bakanl Sal ve Gvenlii Genel Mdrl (Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security, Department of Occupational Health and Safety)OSHA Law #6331United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)OSHA Law and RegulationsUnited Kingdom Health and Safety Executives (HSE)Health and Safety at Work Act 1974European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA)European Directives

Professional Organizations for Construction Safety Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UKAmerican Ladder Institute (ALI)American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)International Organization of Standardization (ISO)International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA)

Specifications for Construction Safety OHSAS 18001 An International Occupational Health and Safety Management System Specification (BSI-The British Standards Institution).OHSAS 18001 Occupation Health and Safety AssesmentOHSAS 18002 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: - GuidanceAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI) Safety StandardsHSEs Guidance DocumentsEuropean Guidelines and Standards by European Standardization Organizations (CEN, CENELEC and ETSI)

References http://www.hse.gov.uk/Statistics/industry/construction/index.htm1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_of_Injuries,_Diseases_and_Dangerous_Occurrences_Regulations#Major_injurieshttp://sgkrehberi.com/haber/9010/naat Mhendisleri Odasnn hazrlad Sal ve Gvenlii Raporu, TMH-455-2009/3.http://www.pozitifisguvenligi.com/pozitif/images/stories/haberler/sgk_2012.pdfnaat Sektrmzdeki Balca Kazas Tipleri, Do.Dr. M. Uur Mngen, naat Mhendisleri Odas, TMH-469-2011/52012 SGK Kazas statistiklerinin Analizi, Kemal nc, GvenliiMhendisi Kazalar ve e Bal Salk Problemleri, Aratrma Sonular 2013, Trkiye statistik Kurumu, Ocak 2014. Sal ve Gvenliine a Bakmak, naat Mhendisleri Odas, MO, TMH-455-2009/3. Canpolat Ceran, Mehmet Ceran, 6331 Sayl Sal ve Gvenlii Kanunu Bilgilendirme Semineri, Ankara Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Mavirler Meslekte Birlik Dernei.