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CCNA Page 1 of 81
Addressing
1. Physical – Mac Address2. Logical – IP Address
Mac
1. Permanent Address2. Works in LAN only3. 48 bits Address
Eg, 00-0A-0B-AC-00-01
Total 6 byte = 48 bitsEach 8 bits (00,0A…)
1 byte = 8 bits00 00000000 - 8 bits
6 byte
3 byte 3 byteOrganizational unique Identification For each NIC Card
IP Address
32 bit Address Assigned by Protocol It goes from 0 to 255
Eg,W.X.Y.Z ---- 8 bits
Classes
1. Class A 1-1262. Class B 128-1913. Class C 192-2234. Class D 224-2395. Class E 240-255Class A (1-126) Class B (128-191)
CCNA Page 2 of 81
Eg, Eg,W.X.Y.Z W.X.Y.Z
Where, Where,W = Network W,X = NetworksX,Y,Z = Host Y,Z = Host
Class C (192-223)
Eg,W.X.Y.Z
Where,W,X,Y = NetworksZ = Host
FLOWS
Class A:
1.0.0.0 1st Net ID1.0.0.1 1st IP Address1.0.0.21.0.0.3 Up to1.0.0.255
1.0.1.01.0.1.11.0.1.2 Up to1.0.1.2551.0.2.01.0.2.1 Up to1.0.2.2551.0.3.0 Up to1.255.255.255
2.0.0.0 2nd Net ID
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Up to
126.0.0.0 Last Net ID
126.255.255.254 Last IP address
126.255.255.255 Broad Cast IP Address
Class B:
128.0.0.0 1st Net ID128.0.0.1
Up to128.0.0.255128.0.1.0128.0.1.1128.0.1.2 Up to128.0.1.255128.0.2.0128.0.2.1
Up to128.0.255.0128.0.255.1 Up to128.0.255.255128.1.0.0 2nd Net ID128.1.0.1 Up to128.1.0.255128.1.1.0128.1.1.1 Up to191.255.0.0 Last Net ID Up to191.255.0.255191.255.1.0 Up to191.255.255.254 Last IP Address191.255.255.255 Broad Cast IP
Class C:
CCNA Page 4 of 81
192.0.0.0 1st Net ID192.0.0.1192.0.0.2 Up to192.0.0.254 Last IP192.0.0.255 Broad Cast IP192.0.1.0 2nd Net ID Up to192.0.1.255192.0.2.0192.0.2.1
Up to 192.0.2.255 Up to223.0.0.0 Last Net ID223.255.255.254 Last IP address223.255.255.255 Broad Cast IP
Subnet Mask
Class A 255.0.0.0Class B 255.255.0.0Class C 255.255.255.0
S.No128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Valve0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1282 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1923 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2244 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2405 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2486 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2527 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2548 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255
Class C:
192.0.0.62 / 27 Where, 27 – Networks bits
Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.255.255.224
Step 1:
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No. of Subnet = 2x
= 23
= 8
Step 2:No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 25
=32
Step 3:Subnet ID’s = 256-224
=320,32,64,96,128,160,192,224
Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 192.0.0.02nd “ = 192.0.0.32Last “ = 192.0.0.224
Take This Subnet ID 192.0.0.321st IP add – 192.0.0.33Last IP Add – 192.0.0.62Broad cast IP – 192.0.0.63
Take This Subnet ID 192.0.0.641st IP add – 192.0.0.65Last IP Add – 192.0.0.94Broad cast IP – 192.0.0.95
Result:192.0.0.62 – IP Address
Class C:
192.70.0.59 / 28
Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.255.255.240
Step 1:No. of Subnet = 2x
= 24
= 16
CCNA Page 6 of 81
Step 2:No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 24
=16Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-240=16
0, 16, 32, 48, 64 …160, 176,….224,240
Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 192.70.0.02nd “ = 192.0.0.16Last “ = 192.0.0.240
Take This Subnet ID 192.70.0.161st IP add – 192.70.0.17Last IP Add – 192.70.0.30Broad cast IP – 192.70.0.31
Result:192.70.0.59 – IP Address
Class B:
172.160.10.60 / 20
Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.255.240.0
Step 1:No. of Subnet = 2x
= 24
= 16Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 212
=
Step 3:Subnet ID’s = 256-240
=16
0,16,32,48,64,……160,176,….224,240
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Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 172.160.0.02nd “ = 172.160.16.0Last “ = 172.160.240.0
Take This Subnet ID 172.160.16.01st IP add – 172.160.16.1Last IP Add – 172.160.31.254Broad cast IP – 172.160.31.255
Result:172.160.10.60– IP Address
Class B:
180.160.60.28 / 21
Default Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.255.248.0
Step 1:No. of Subnet = 2x
= 25
= 32Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 211
=
Step 3:Subnet ID’s = 256-248
=8
0,8,16,24,……48,56,64,……..240,248
Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 180.160.0.02nd “ = 180.160.8.0Last “ = 180.160.248.0
Take This Subnet ID 180.160.16.01st IP add – 180.160.16.1Last IP Add – 180.160.23.254Broad cast IP – 180.160.23.255
CCNA Page 8 of 81
Result:180.160.60.58 – IP Address
Class A:
80.65.69.76 / 13
Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.248.0.0
Step 1:No. of Subnet = 2x
= 25
= 32Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 219
=Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-248=8
0,8,16,24,……48,56,64,……..240,248
Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 80.0.0.02nd “ = 80.8.0.0Last “ = 80.248.0.0
Take This Subnet ID 80.16.0.01st IP add – 80.16.0.1Last IP Add – 80.23.255.254Broad cast IP – 80.23.255.255
Result: 80.65.69.76 - IP Address
Class A:
30.80.60.10 / 11
Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.224.0.0
Step 1:
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No. of Subnet = 2x
= 23
= 8Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 221
=Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-224=8
0,32,64,96,……..224.
Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 30.0.0.02nd “ = 30.32.0.0Last “ = 30.224.0.0
Take This Subnet ID 30.64.0.01st IP add – 30.64.0.1Last IP Add – 30.95.254.224Broad cast IP – 30.95.255.255
Result: 80.65.69.76 30.64.0.0 IP address
Class A:
50.70.64.85 / 20
Default Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0Customized Sub Net Mask: 255.255.240.0
Step 1:No. of Subnet = 2x
= 212
= 4096Step 2:
No. of host / subnet = 2y
= 24+8
=Step 3:
Subnet ID’s = 256-255= 1
0,1,2,3,……………..75,76,……..255
Subnet ID’s = 256-240
CCNA Page 10 of 81
= 16
0,16,32,48,……240
Step 4:1st Subnet ID = 50.0.0.02nd “ = 50.0.16.03rd Subnet ID = 50.0.32.0Last “ = 50.255.240.0
Take This Subnet ID 50.0.48.01st IP add – 50.0.48.1Last IP Add – 50.0.63.254Broad cast IP – 50.0.63.255
Result: 50.70.64.85 50.70.48.0 IP Address
ROUTER
Router
Cisco Router Non – Cisco RouterMfg by Cisco Mfg by Other companies (Intel, D-Link)Globally Marketed Non-globally marketed
Types of Router:1. Cisco 700 / 800 Series router2. Cisco 1600 / 1700 Series router3. Cisco 2500 Series router4. Cisco 2600 Series router5. Cisco 3600 Series router6. Cisco 5000 Series router7. Cisco 4000 Series router8. Cisco 7000 Series router9. Cisco 12000 Series router
Note: 5,6,7 – Ethernet Fast Ethernet & 8,9 – Gigabit EthernetRouter Interface:
CCNA Page 11 of 81
2500 series
Power(on/off)Switch
AUI Serial Ports ConsolePort BRI
Ports
AUX
Power connector
1700 series
AUI – Attachment unit interface --- with connect LAN n/w. Fast Ethernet or Ethernet.
Serial Ports – Router to Router (WAN) connection. Console Port – Router configure purpose. (pc side 9-pin serial port , router side
console port) BRI – Basic Rate Interface ---only for used ISDN connection & WAN
connection AUX – Auxiliary Port ---- Remote router configure, using this port, connecting
to modem.
Router Component
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Rom DRAM NVRAM Flash
IOSStartupConfiguration
16-bit configurationRegister value
Post Running Configuration
BSLRom-Mon
Mini-IOS
0x2100 Rommon modes0x2101 Mini-IOS modes0x2102 Normal modes
Booting Mode
DRAM as a Temporary MemoryNVRAM as a permanently memory
IOS Internet Operating System workingFLASH Load IOS to Rom
Trouble Shooting PurposeRommon modeMini IOS
Mini IOS Initial start (or) Booting Purpose Trouble Shooting
Normal Booting (Flash)
Router Modes (Execution) User Execution Mode Privilege Mode Global Configuration Mode Interface ModeUser Mode - (Entry Mode) Identity ModePrivilege Mode - View Mode (viewing information Ex: interface connector)Example command: Copy, View, Restart, PingGlobal Mode - entire Router Configure (With out Interface device)
CCNA Page 13 of 81
Interface Mode: only configure interface devices.
User Mode:Router>Privilege Mode:Router#Global Configuration Mode:Router (config) #Interface Mode:Router (config-if) #
Router>enable user mode
Router#config terminal Priv. mode (short key: config t)
Router (config) #interface <interface name> Global configuration mode (Ex: interface S0)
Router (config-if) interface mode
Interface mode to Priv. mode (short key: ctrl+z)
If exit the mode’s
Router (config-if) # exitRouter (config) # exitRouter#disable Router#exit (exit the router)Router>
Privilege Mode (basic command)
Router# clock set hh:mm:ss: (Set Time) Router# show clock (view Clock) Router# show history (default 10 command in history view) Router# terminal history size (change history size(range 0.256)) Router# show terminal (to view history size) Router# show interface (to view the router information) Router# show interface <interface name> (to view specify interface) Router# show running –configuration (to view DRAM configuration) Router# show startup-configuration (to view NVRAM configuration) Router# show flash (to view the flash details – IOS details) Router# show version (to view the IOS filename, IOS version, Dram,
Rom, Flash memory, router up time, 16 bit registry value) Router# show memory (to view the all memory details) Router# show controllers (to view the DCE in router)
CCNA Page 14 of 81
Router# show ip interface (to view the interface devices briefly) Router# copy running configuration startup-configuration (to copy the
Dram to NVRam) Router# copy startup-configuration running configuration (to copy the
NVRam to Dram) Router# ping <IP address> Router# reload
Global Mode:Router (config) # host name <Chennai>
To change the hostname (router)Router (config) #hostname ChennaiChennai (config) #
To create Welcome ScreenRouter (config) #banner motd $ <any text> $
Interface ModeTo set IP addressRouter (config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
To set clock rate for interface S0 (between the connecting router)Router (config-if) #clock rate 64000
Boson Network Designer (software)
It is used to design the networkAvailable router 1750Other devices PC
To enable the serial port (up) or interface devices:
Router (config-if) # no shut
Types of Passwords
1. Line Console2. Enable Passwords3. Secret Passwords4. Telnet (VTY) Passwords
To enter into user mode, this password has to be supplied. Before Priv. Mode this is set.
Setting Line Console Password:
CCNA Page 15 of 81
Router(config)#line console 0 (Enter)
Router(line-config)#login (Enter)
Router(line-config)#password <udaya>
To View the Passwords:
Router#sh run
Router #exit goes to start again & prompt for Password.
Enable Password:
Both secret password & enable password are set for entering Priv. Mode. Line console of enable password can be viewed ‘show run config’ command as they are stored in normal format. But secret password cannot be viewed. It is a encrypted.
To set enable password:
Router(config)#enable password <udaya>
To set secret password:
Router(config)#enable password <udaya>
For line console:
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config)#login
Router(config)#no password <udaya> Remove Password.
Telnet (VTY-Virtual Terminal) Password:
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config)#login
Router(config)#password <udaya>
Boot System Command
Router(config)#boot system rom
CCNA Page 16 of 81
Then save it using ‘copy run start’ command in priv. Mode.(or)
Router#wr mem (write to memory)
So next time it boot, goes into mini-IOS mode.
Router(config)#boot system flash <ios name>
U can load upto 3 IOS in one flash. U can specify which IOS you need to enter next time you login. Then save it & reload.
Router#show flash Show all IOS in flash.
Router(config)#boot system TFTP <ios file name> <TFTP server address>
TFTP is a protocol that is used for backup. [Taking a backup IOS.]The system where TFTP is installed & runs is TFTP server.This command is used to use backup. IOS to boot.If you use more then 1 boot cmd, only the first cmd word. So to disable previous cmd.
Router (config) #no boot system to enter next boot command.
Booting Sequence
0x2100 – steps done by BSL
1. checks the last bit whether 0 or 10 – Rom Mon1 – Mini IOS
If not 0 or 1, (else)
2. checks for boot system commandsif not (else)
3. check for valid IOS in flash
If yes, check for startup config
CCNA Page 17 of 81
if yes, enter normal modeRouter>
If no,Enter setup mode
If no, Mini-IOS (2500 series)(or)
Rom-Mon (1700 series) only Rom-Mon
To set registry value for booting into mini-IOS or Rom-Mon Mode:
Router(config)#config-register 0x2100 (or)
Router(config)#config-register 0x2101
If 0x2100 (Rom-Mon Mode)In 2500 Series In 1700 Series
> Rommon1>
To return back to normal mode> 0 / r 0x2102
(open registry)> I [to restart, initialize]
Rommon2>conf reg 0x2102Rommon2>I
If 0x2101 (Mini IOS mode) only in 2500 series
Router(boot)>Router(boot)>enableRouter(boot)#config terminalRouter(boot) (config)#config-register 0x2102 goes to normal mode.
Backup & Recovery
Backup files are stored in binary format. TFTP is used for this.
CCNA Page 18 of 81
Conditions:
1. TFTP should be installed & enabled. (up condition).2. Ethernet port of system & router should be connected in up conditions.
To Take Back-up of IOS:
Router#copy flash TFTP
Asks for 1. Remote host name:[TFTP server address]2. Source file name:[IOS file name]3. Designations file name [IOS file name]4. Confirm.
Backup of running configuration:
Router#copy run tftpRouter#copy start tftp
Recovery of IOS:
Router#copy tftp flash
Startup:
Router#copy tftp startRouter#copy tftp run
To view path of backup files stored:
C:/program files/cisco system/cisco tftp server
Password Breaking
When booting, [pls press ctrl+break]
Goes into Rom-Mon mode (1700 series) to go in to setup mode, u have to by pass the startup config & enter setup mode. Reg. Value is 0x2142.
1700 series:Rommon1>con reg 0x2142Rommon2>I
2500 series:>0/r 0x2412>I
CCNA Page 19 of 81
Do u want to enter the initial config dialogue? (Y/N)
Y A series of questions automatically configuration.
N U can setup the config manually with out prompts. (recommended)Router>enRouter#show exit
U can view all passwords. But secret password cannot be seen. U can delete it using ‘no enable’ command.
Router#copy start runU can copy start config to run
After all changes are made; save it changes register value to 2102 to enter normal mode next you boot.
Router(config)#config-register 0x2102Router#copy run start This saves the changesRouter# reload To restart the router
When IOS corrupt:
[display is e….eee….]Then when rebooted, goes to Rom-Mon mode automatically so to recover IOS from backup.
Rommon1>tftp dnld dnlddownload
Display list of field mandatory to be set for TFTP downloadRommon2>ip address (eg:30.0.0.1)Rommon3>ip subnet mask (eg:255.0.0.0)Rommon4>default-gateway (eg:30.0.0.1)Rommon5>tftp-server(eg:30.0.0.10 sys add)Rommon6>tftp-file (eg:cisco file name)Rommon7>tftp dnldRommon8>IReload.
To set the register value for booting in to Rommon mode next time:
Router(config)#config-register 0x2100Save,
Router#copy run startRouter#reloadRommon1>config 0x2102 (to return normal mode)Rommon2>I
In rommon mode, to change the boot IOS. (if there are two Ios & u have used one to load, to change to another)
CCNA Page 20 of 81
Rommon1>setThis display what boot IOS u have (eg:boot = ccna,1)
To change this,
Rommon2>unset bootRommon3>set boot=cisco,1 (cisconame of another IOS)Rommon4>sync (this saves the router variables to NVROM)Rommon5>I (now it reload using cisco IOS)
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol)o Layer 2 Protocolso Identifies cisco routers directly connected in a network (or) products.
To enable cdp:Router(config)#cdp run (Enable all information of the router)
To disable cdp:Router(config)#no cdp run
To see the status of neighbours:Router#show cdp neighboursRouter# show cdp neighbours detailsRouter#show cdp interface
CDP update time:
o Default time 60sec.o Every 60 sec, each neighbours send his information range of update time 5 to
254.
CDP hold time:
In case after 60 sec, no response from neighbours then old information can be used up to this time default 180 sec. Range is 10 to 255.
To change the default value:
Router(config)#cdp timer <time in sec>Router(config)cdp hold time<time in sec)
Types of Error’s
1. Translating error2. Ambiguous error
CCNA Page 21 of 81
3. Invalid input error4. Incomplete command error
Translating error:Telnet commands works both in user mode & priv. Mode.
In user mode,Router>telnet 10.0.0.2 (router address)
(or)Router>telnet <router name> (eg: r1)
(or)Router>r1
So if we enter some wrong command in user mode,Eg: Router>enable
This is assumed to be a router name & goes to DNS server for translation
Ambiguous error:Eg: Enable user mode you have enable & exit commandRouter>e [if you enter this router does not know this command)
This procedure is Ambiguous error
Invalid input errorUsing commands in wrong mode (or) using invalid commands.
Incomplete command errorUsing incomplete commands.
Error status in interfaces:Eg:
1. Interface s0 is up, protocol is up2. Interface s0 is up, protocol is down3. Interface s0 is down, protocol is down4. Interface s0 in administratively down, line protocol is also down.
1. No errors.2. S0 up, protocol down
Reason: In the absence of clock rate. (You have to set) For peer-peer system connected, both protocols must match. If different
protocols are used, this is status has to be changed. (Encapsulation) ie; Router (config-if)#encapsulation <protocol Name> (eg: Protocol name: HDLC, PPP).
3. S0 down, line protocol is down.Reason:
No ip address is assigned
CCNA Page 22 of 81
Cable Problems. Interface Problems Incase all the above three are ok, then if remote end is
not in up condition.
4. S0 down, line protocol downReason:
Initial booting when all interface are administratively down. You have to use ‘no shut’ command.
If specifically, administrator has shutdown the interface.
Routing
To inter connect two different networks by selecting the best path
For ping operation --- ICMP protocol (Internet control messaging protocol)
ARP (Address Reduction Protocol)This is used to determine MAC address from known IP address.
RIT (Routing information table)
Create Routing Table using by protocols
Router protocol carry data (or) packet through a Network Eg; IP, IPX
Routing protocol determine the path for carrying data (or) packets through a network Eg; RIP, IGRP, EIGRP
Non-Router protocols: NETBEUI --- Not used for routing using name comm.
Method to create RIT (Routing Information Table)
1. Static2. Static default3. Dynamic
Static (Manual entry) Metric parameters are used to select best path. Bandwidth: Max data transmission path is selected. cost also based Delay: Time taken in each the destination
R1 R2
PC PC
R1 R2
PC PC
CCNA Page 23 of 81
Load: Based on traffic MTU: Max Transmission Unit based on interface capacity how much data can
be fixed. Hop Count: How many routers can be crossed to reach the destination Reliability: Based on error. If error rate is high reliability low If error rate is low reliability high
S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2
E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1
E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2
R1
Network Interface Hop count10.0.0.0 E0 020.0.0.0 S0 130.0.0.0 S0 1
R2
Network Interface Hop count10.0.0.0 S1 120.0.0.0 S1 030.0.0.0 E0 0
Configurations using static method
S0 110.0.0.1 S1 110.0.0.2
CCNA Page 24 of 81
E0 100.0.0.1 E0 90.0.0.1
E0 100.0.0.2 E0 90.0.0.2
(R1) Router (config) #ip routing
Change routing mode (this is router mode)Router (config-router) #ip route <netid><subnet mask><next hop add or exit interface add>
Remote net ID 90.0.0.0
110.0.0.0
Next hop add to reach the remote ID, which is the next router through which we have to travel. Its address.
R1(config)#ip route 90.0.0 255.0.0.0 110.0.0.2
(Next hop add)
R2(config)#ip route 100.00.0 255.0.0.0 110.0.01
To view RIT Router#show ip route
Static default This is worked in a stub network using a single interface you can access many networks. (Single wan port) connections.
10.0.0.2 R410.0.0.1
CCNA Page 25 of 81
R2 R5
R1R6
R3R7
Stub Router This has only WAN interface there which you reach all router. This stub router network.
Any network 0.0.0.0, any subnet mask is only there this router one interface
R1 (config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
Static routing
S0 30.0.0.1 S1 30.0.0.2 S0 50.0.0.1 S1 50.0.0.2 R1 R2 R3
E0 40.0.0.1 E0 60.0.0.1 E0 70.0.0.1
E0 40.0.0.2 E0 60.0.0.2 E0 70.0.0.2
PC1 PC2 PC3
Routing table create for static
R1(config)#ip routing
R1(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
CCNA Page 26 of 81
R1(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2
R2(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.1
R2(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.2
R3(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1
R3(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1
R3(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 50.0.0.1
Show RIT table (in router 3)
R3#sh ip route
Show the table
70.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, E0
50.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, S0
60.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1
30.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1
40.0.0.0/8 [1/0] via 50.0.0.1
8-Subnet mask, 1/0 – Administrative value (AD value)
Codes C - Connected, S - Static, I - IGRP,R- RIP,M-Mobile-BGP(border gateway
protocol),D-EIGRP, EX-Extended EIGRP,O-OSPF,1A-OSPF inter area,E1-OSPF
External Type1,E2-OSPF External Type 2,E-EGP,L1-Level 1,L2-Level 2,* -
Candidate default-per-User static route
Static default (Single interface using another many routers connections)Single Wan Connections PC2 E0 R3 S0 R3 E0
PC2
CCNA Page 27 of 81
R2 S1 R1 S0 R2 S0
R1 E0 R2 S2 PC3
PC1 E0 R4 S0 R4 E0 PC3 E0
PC1
Interface’s IP address Details:
R1 S0 – 10.0.0.1, E0 – 20.0.0.1, PC1 E0 – 20.0.0.2R2 S1 – 10.0.0.2, R2 S0 – 30.0.0.1, R2 S2 – 40.0.0.1 R3 S0 – 30.0.0.2, R3 E0 – 70.0.0.1, PC2 E0 – 70.0.0.2R4 S0 – 40.0.0.2, R4 E0 – 60.0.0.1, PC3 E0 – 60.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
Dynamic Routing:
Automatic Routing using Protocol
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)Eg: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)Eg: BGP, IBGP, EBGP
RIP Routing Information ProtocolIGRP Interior Gateway Routing ProtocolEIGRP Extended IGRPOSPF Open Shortest Path FirstBGP Border Gateway ProtocolIBGP Interior BGPEBGP Exterior BGP
IGP RIT is shared only between members of the same autonomous group
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EGP RIT is shared different autonomous groups
Autonomous system:
A collection of routers or network that have a common group number from a common administrative group
AS Autonomous System noAD Administrative DistanceAD Determine the best worthiness of a route based on various factors when more than one protocols are present, priority ranges from 0 to 25
For Directly Connected, AD = 0 Higher PriorityStatic Routing AD = 1EIGRP AD = 90IGRP AD = 100OSPF AD = 110RIP AD = 120Extended EIGRP AD = 170Unknown AD = 255 Lower Priority
AD Values
Administrative Distance
Classes of Routing Protocols (based on Metric Value)
1. Distance Vectors Routing Protocols. Eg: RIP, IGRP2. Link state routing protocols. Eg: OSPF3. Hybrid routing protocols. Eg: EIGRP
Distance Vector
Decide on the best path based on distance Link State
Find the shortest path. Update not only data. But also detects the link states of the lines.
Hybrid
Contains both feature included. (Distance vector & Link state)
R1#trace route <IP-Address>
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R2 RIP
RIP R1 R3 RIP
Network A
R4 RIPAll four router using RIP protocol.WAN Cables (series cable)
EIA / TIA 232 EIA --- Electronic Industrial AssociationEIA / TIA 449 TIA --- Telecom Industrial AssociationEIA / TIA 530
ITU (International Telecom Union)V35V21
WIC (wan Interface Cable)
Bandwidth No. of Pins Male Female
232 64 Kbps 25 DTE DCE449 4 Kbps 37 DTE DCE530 4 Kbps 25 DTE Can’t be connect
V-35 4 Kbps 34 DTE DCEX-21 4 Kbps 15 DTE DCE
DCE – Female Connector (60 hole)DTE – Male Connector (60 pins)
To view the Serial interface is DCE or DTE
Router#sh controllers (or)Router#sh controllers <name>
To enable short keysRouter# terminal editing
To disable Router #terminal no editing
Short Keys / Editing Keys
Ctrl+D Delete CharacterCtrl+W Delete Word
CCNA Page 30 of 81
Ctrl+U Delete LineCtrl+A Return to starting of lineCtrl+E Mover cursor to start of lineCtrl+F Move cursor fed char by characterCtrl+B Moves backward char by charCtrl+R Refresh / Redisplay the commandCtrl+P Display previous commandCtrl+N Display new commandCtrl+H 3rd to backspaceEsc+F Move cursor word by word forwardEsc+B Move cursor word by word backward
DVRP (Distance Vectors Routing Protocols)
To reach network A from R1, First route should be selected, so path 1 & path 2 are compared. AD values are checked. Here both values are equal. Next metric values should be checked, namely hop count In this case is equal too so load balancing is done.
Each router broadcast its RIT to neighbors every few seconds called update time via all its active interface. So each router updates its RIT according. Time taken for the router to from the full RIT from updates is called convergence time.
RIP
This is a DVRP Uses only hop count as metric value. Max hop count – 15, Low convergence
time. AD = 120 Equal load balancing supports By default it can support 4 paths. Max is 6 paths Using only small network.
RIP have two versions
RIPVI, RIPV2
RIPVISupports only classful routing, i.e. all routing interface are in the same class of network i.e. same subnet mark.
RIPV2Supports classless routing. Diff subnet masks for its interface. Exchanges in subnet masks while updating its using exchange of RIT Supports VLSM.(Variable Length Subnet Mask)
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RIP Update period, default 30s
This used only for small network. So autonomous system numbers, domain is not used here.
RIP Timers:Update time : Time for updating the RIT Periodically
Hold on time : 180s time it waits until it receive an updation after whichthat network is set as failed
Invalid time : 180s this is the time to set the above failed n/w as ‘Invalid’In its RIT.
Flash old time : 240s inform its neighbours that the above routs is invalidof remove that entry from its RIT
RIP Configuration
Router (Config) # router RIPRouter (Config-router) # network <directly connected net 1D’s>
To disable RIP
Router (Config) # no routing RIP
Debug Commands
To view RIP transactions used for debugging slows processing time so only used for trouble shooting.
Router # debug IP RIP (to view the transaction)
To disable,Router # no debug all (or) Router # undebug all
Router # show protocolsShow what routing protocol used in router
Router# show IP protocols
IGRP
CISCO property protocol, work only in CISCO product (Not working the protocol in different vendor)
CCNA Page 32 of 81
AD = 100 Hop count (default) 100 max = 255 Update time = 90s 5 metric parameters BW, delay, reliability load, MTU By default using BW, delay 1GRP composite metric value Autonomous system Nos are used here Classful routing
Time:
Update time 90s Invalid time – 270s (update x3) Hold down time – 280 Flush out time 6.30 (update x3)
Load balancing is done. But parameter like can be considered. Based on Composite Metric Value (CMV)
B
CMV=100 A
D
CMV=20
CS0 Ratio - 100/25 = 5/1Destination S0, ACD = 20% Data Sent
ABD = 80% Data SentDefault – 6 path, max & path
Configuring 1GRP
Router (Config) Router IGRP <Autonomous system no>
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Range of autonomous system no: 0 to 65,535
Router (Config-Router) # Network <directly Connected Net IDS>
Router # Debug IP RIP
EIGRP
Hybrid protocol: Cisco propriety Protocol Classless routing VLSM support Metric Value: 256 x 1GRP Metric Low convergence time RIT is not exchanged every few sees. First time RIT is exchange then only if
changes occur they are exchanged so no updation time Support equal & unequal load balancing Hop count (default) = 100 Max 255 Supports Multiple network (Layer3) protocols : IP,IPX
Maintain 3 tables1. Neighbours Table2. Topology Table3. RIT
Neighbours: Contains into about directly connected networkTopology: Contain all router to any specific network (Max 6 Router)RIT: Contain best router to any specific network
1. Neighbours Table Information: (NT)
To become a neighbours Hello Pocket is sent by the new neighbours (Net work) This packet contain this information’s
EIGRP Version No Autonomous system No K value (Metric Value) Hold time
NT Content (Neighbours table)
o Neighbours IP addo AD time intervalo SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Timer) Time takes to receive an act for the hello
pocketo Queue information Contain information reg change in the Topology table
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Reliable transport protocol use to create neighbours
Multicasting is done using class D(224.0.0.10 or 5) is donewait for SRTT for an act. If name is 90s uncasing is done up to max 16 unicasts are done If still no response that neighbours is declared ‘dead’
Every 5 Sec hello packet are sent, if after 5 sec hello packet are not sent then hold time determine up to what time the previous information – should be hold.
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
This algorithm selects the best path to reach network from the topology table and enter into RIT
Maintains a backup router in case the best route fails. VLSM support Incase best route fails and no backup also is not found, if automatically finds
another route.
Feasible Distance
If a router determines a route by itself it from a feasible distance
Reported distance
If a neighbours reports a router to specific network
Feasible d > Reported dFe. d Time taken to each updating neighbours table. + Rep. distance
Feasible Success:
This is a route other than best route the alternate to each network provided in topology table.
Successor: Best route stored in RIT
Configuration of EIGRP
Route (config) # router EIGRP <autonomous system no>Router (config router) # network <directly connected network ID’s>
To view neighbours table
Router # show IP EIGRP neighboursRouter # show IP EIGRP neighbours details
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To view topology
Router # show IP EIGRP topology
RIT
Router # show IP routerShow all protocols table
So, router # show IP route EIGRP
OSPF
Combines link states a distance rector protocol features.
This is an open standard (all Vendors) using protocol Supports unlimited hop counts. Can be used in very large networks Uses only 1 metric value Cost Using formula cost = 10 8 / BW No periodic updating only first time RIT exchanged. Then only if changes
occur. Low convergence time. User TIJKSTRA algorithm to select best path from topology table Classless protocol supports VLSM AD = 110 Supports flat network & hierarchical networks
Eg: hierarchical networks
At least I are should have been created (group of routers in 1 area) first created is area 0 backup. All other area should have connection.
(Direct or Virtual) to area 0 Use multicast 224.0.0.10
R1
R2
R4
R5
R3
R6
R7
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Internal Router
ABR ABR
Area 0 ASBR
Area 2 EIGRP Area 1
Internal Router
ABR – Area Border RouterASBR – Autonomous System Border Router
Division in to area:
In case of large network, RIT capacity can be exceeded of over writing of RIT may occur. In order to avoid this, each router has entries only on router in its own area.
Convenience time can be reduced sine synchronization is with a single area. Changes whit this are does not affect network in other area.
Internal routers:
If all interfaces of a router involve more the same area. ABR If the interface area router involves more than 1 area. ASBR It the interface of a router involves different autonomous system.
Terms:
Link each Interfaces of a router Neighbours directly connected router Router ID IP address of router for a router the highest IP address among its
interface is taken as its router ID. This is also loop back interface ID logical interface ID.
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This is assigned sometimes interface can be down so this ID is router ID.
Hello protocol for neighbour relationship
Adjacency – creating neighbour relationship among OSPF router only these
established routers exchange RIT wrong them selves
Neighbour ship database – contains neighbour details
Topology database - All routers to a specific network
Link state advertisement (LSA) this is a packet carrier Link states, routing
information
Sends hello packet every OS
After adjacency is created LSA packets one sent based on this topology table is
created then RIT tables can be exchanged. There information an any specific
N/W is required LSR LS request is sent too this LSO (LS update) sent as
response.
Types of Network in OSPF
1) Broadcast2) Point to point3) Non broad cast network
Broadcast: Switch
Switch in ability is broad casting so information from only router is broadcast to all other routers.
2) Point to Point:
R3R2R1
R1 R2 R3
CCNA Page 38 of 81
Using encapsulation protocols like HDLC or PPP direct connection network
3) Non broadcast network
A single physical line can be divided into multiple line logically using a technique called frame relay.
BroadcastHere because broad casting is done for all routers, all of then create adjacency
his each other so all of them are neighbour in order to ovoid this, one router is selected as DR (Designated Router) and one as BDR backup DR.
Now DR only creates adjacency to all other router to all others only this is a neighbour they broadcast changes only to DR so this DR’s is to broadcast any changes to all other routers.
DR selection is done via election Router with lightest priority is DR & 2nd lightest is BDR. If all have some priority router ID is used to select Due. Router can have more
than I logical 100p ID. This is checked first as router ID. This is used to select DR.
To set PriorityRouter (Config) IP OSPF priority <pr.value>
To set loop back interfaceRouter (Config) # interface <Interface Number>Then router (Config) # IP address <IP add> <Subnet mask>
Configuration Router (Config) # router OSPF <process ID>
(Range 1 – 65535)Router (Config – router) # Network <directly connected network ID> <wild and mask>Area <area No>
Wild card number opposite of subnet maskEg: 255.0.0.0 0 0.255.255.255To view
Router # show IP OSPF database to view (Topology table view)
Router show IP ASPF neighbour to view Neighbour table view
R1
R2
R3
CCNA Page 39 of 81
To view router ID area No:
Router # show IP OSPFRouter # show IP OSPF interface (To view DR, BDR, router ID, priority, cast, etc… )
Password Breaking
Restart the router (off/no) After router press (Ctrl + Break) Going the Rommon1 mode is entered Ex : Rommon1>
Trouble shooting Commands
Rommon1 > Confreg 0x2142 (in 1750 series) > (in 2500 series ) Rommon1 > I
System Configuration dialog
Did you like to enter the initial configuration (Yes / No)
Yes Older setting will be loaded from NVRam to DRAMNo Fresh configuration is loaded (skip to NVRAM to DRAM )
Router > en Router # copy start run
Older setting to load from NVRAM to DRAM
Next steps:
Disable all passwords Router (Config) # no enable password
Changing the configure registration value 2142 to 2102
Router (Config) # config – register 2102 Router # copy run start Router # reload
System configuration has been modified save? (Yes / No)
Routed ProtocolThis carries the date packetEg: IP, IPX
CCNA Page 40 of 81
Routing ProtocolCarries the update packetsEg: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, and EIGRP
Non – Routing ProtocolNet BEUI
Dynamic routing protocol Interior Gate Way Routing ProtocolExterior Gate Way Routing Protocol
IGRPRouting protocol used within same domain single autonomous system
TELNET (Terminal Emulation)
We can configure remote router using the telnet using telnet a remote N/W can be configured or trouble shoot.
E0 10.0.0.1 S0 20.0.0.1 S0 20.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.1 S0 30.0.0.2
To get the information for all router, routing should be enable.
R1 R2 R3 R4
Chennai Bangolre
CCNA Page 41 of 81
S0 S1 S0 S1 S0 S1
Routing
Telnet can be established only when the following conditions we satisfied:
The remote router should home been configure VTY password (Telnet password)
The remote router should have been configured with Enable (or) secret password.
To Enable Telnet in a router (VTY)
Router (Config) # line VTY 04Router(Config – line) # LoginRouter(Config – line) # Password <udaya >Router(Config – line) # Ctrl + ZRouter (Config) # Enable password <udaya >Router (Config) # Ctrl + ZRouter # copy Run Start
To establish Telnet with Bangalore & Chennai
Chennai> Telnet 20.0.0.2Password: < udaya>Bangalore > enPassword: < udaya>Bangalore#
Telnet ting into Multiple device (connecting simultaneously)Router # ctrl + shift + 6 (release) after press “X”
To check Telnet connectingTo see the connection mode from router to remote device
Router # show sessionsRouter # show usersRouter # disconnects (or) exit
Enabling telnet using hostname:
Router (config) # IP host Bangalore 20.0.0.2
CCNA Page 42 of 81
Remote host name Remote host IPRouter (config) # ctrl + ZBangalore # copy Run startChennai > Telnet Bangalore
To enter into remote router
Chennai # resume <Session no>Bangalore #
To view the correctly opened session
Chennai # show session
To terminate particular session
Chennai # disconnect < Session No>Chennai # disconnect (Last activated session will be terminated)Chennai # clear line <user number>
To view the no of user
Bangalore # show user (or) Bangalore # who
Access Control List (two Types)
Standard Range 1 - 99Extended Range 100 - 199
StandardNamed Access ListNumbered Access List
Extended
Named Access ListNumbered Access List
Preparing the access list Implementing
CCNA Page 43 of 81
Access list can be implemented in source and destination source. But one is source
router. This will reduce the traffic access list can be implemented either in the inbound
or outbound but the best one is inbound.
Chennai Mumbai
Out bound In bound
S0 20.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.1 E0 10.0.0.1 S0 20.0.0.1
Right Path Wrong Path
Inbound: first it implements ACL table and filters so no need of routing information table.
ACL RIT
Outbound: first it forms RIT and then filters ACL.
RIT ACL
CCNA Page 44 of 81
Standard IP Access List Numbered:Prepare
By using standard ACL implemented in destination only.
Mumbai (config) #access-list<ACL-No>permits /deny <source add> <wildcard mask> 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
Mumbai (config) #access-list <ACL-no>permit any (other Network will be permit)
Wild card mask for 10.0.0.0Default subnet 255.0.0.0 --- opposite 0.255.255.255 is a wild card maskHere, 0—Care,1—Don’t care
Implementation: Mumbai (config) # int<E0/S0>Mumbai (config) # IP access-group<ACL-NO> in\out
To block particular hostMumbai (config) #Access-list<ACL no>deny10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0Mumbai (config) # Access <ACL no> permits any
Implementation
Mumbai (Config) # int E0Mumbai (config) # IP access – group <ACL-No> out
Blocking a group of Networks
For wild card mask, you should perform XOR gateEg: 1000-1111=0111 say should perform blocking of subnet 10.8.0.0 to 10.16.0.0
10.|8.|0.0 0000100010.|16|.0.0 00001111 Subtract = 00000111 7So, wild card is 0.7.255.255Subnet for this will be 255 / 7 = 248So, 255.248.0.0
Preparation
Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL-No> permit /deny 10.8.0.0 0.7.255.255
Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> permit any
ImplementationMumbai (Config) # int E0Mumbai (Config) # IP access – group <ACL-No> out
CCNA Page 45 of 81
Valid block ranges2 to 3, 4 to 7, 8 to 15, 16 to 31, 32 to 63, 64 to 127, 128 to 255
Access list block only data packets not update packets
Blocking Telnet: (Telnet to Chennai to Mumbai)
Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> deny 10.0.0.0Mumbai (Config) # access – list <ACL – No> permit any
Implementation
Mumbai (Config) # line Vty 04Mumbai (Config) # access – class <ACL – No> in
Named IP Standard ACL:
Named access list you can edit the exiting access list
10.0.0.0 20.0.0.0 30.0.0.0 70.0.0.0 Chennai Bangalore Mumbai
Right Path Wrong Path
PreparationBangalore (Config) # IP access – list standard <ACL – Name>Bangalore (Config- STD- ACL) # deny 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 Bangalore (Config-STD- ACL # permit any
ImplementationBangalore (config) #int E0Bangalore (config) # ip access group <ACL no> out.
To block once again
Bangalore (Config) # IP access – List standard <ACL – Name>Bangalore (Config) # IP access – List standard <ACL – Name>
Chennai R1
Bangalore R2
CCNA Page 46 of 81
Bangalore (config)# No permit anyBangalore (config)# deny 70.0.0 0.255.255.255Bangalore (config)# permit any
Implementation It is the same
Extended IP Access – List
10.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 30.0.0.0
R1 (Config) # access list <ACL no> permit / deny <protocol> <Source add> <Wildcard mask> <desk add> <wildcard mask> <gt (or) eq (or) Lt (or) neq > <port no>
Where,Gt Greater thanLt Lesser thanEq EqualNeq Not equal
R1 (Config) # Access lists <ACL – No> permit IP any any
Source destination
Implementation R1 (Config) # int EOR1 (Config) # IP access – group <HCL-No> in
To Block Telnets SessionR1 (Config)#access-list <ACL no> deny TCP 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 30.0.0.0
0.255.255.255 eqR1 (Config)#<ACL-no> permit IP any any
ImplementationR1 (Config)# int E0R1 (Config)# ip access-group <ACL no> in
CCNA Page 47 of 81
To block TFTP:
R1 (Config) # access list <ACL No> deny TCP/UDP 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 eq 69 (69 – is port no)R1 (Config) Access – List <ACL-No> permit IP any any
TCP/UDP based on
Application LayersProtocols FTP TELNET SMTP DNS TFTP SNMP RIPPort No 21 23 25 53 61 561 520
TCP TCP TCP TCP/ UDP
UDP UDP UDP
Protocol No
6 17
Telnet S1 addressE0 addressS0 address we can enter telnet
By blacking that particular S1 interface we can enter, either E0 are S0 Vty 0 4 all interface to block telnet.
Named Extended IP access List
Not able to block particular service
Router1 (Config) # IP access – list extended <ACL-Name>\Router1(Config) # deny IP <Src> <Wildcard> <Destination-Add> <Wildcard>Router1(Config) # Permit IP any any
Implementation Router1# int E0Router1(Config) # IP access – group <ACL-Name> inRouter1(Config) # No permit IP any any
WAN Technology1. Lease Line2. Circuit Switching3. Packet Switching
Wan Terms CPE (Customer premises Equipment) Demarcation point (Ex: Telephone Rosier box) Local Loop
Chn Bgl
LAN
LAN
Chn Bgl
Cal
CCNA Page 48 of 81
E0 S0 S1 E0 DOT
Wan Cloud
Wan Link
Wan link Between router and DOTDOT Dept of Telephone Telecomm
Leased line: (Point to point)
S0
DOT S1
Dedicated line between source & destination 24hrs Conley 2 station are connected given by ISP
Local Loop Trunk port
Central office
For between point to point, privacy is more (No sharing of BW) synchronous serial line upto 45 Mbps
DSP
Chn Modem ISP Modem Bgl
CCNA Page 49 of 81
Demarcations point
Local Loop: Connects the demarcation point to the customs switching office
Central office The point connect the customers to the provider’s switching network
Toll network: It is trunk line inside a WAN provider Network This network is a connection of switches and facilities owned by ISP
Wan EncapsulationIn LAN encapsulation techs used in Ethernet are 802.2, 802.3
HDLC (High level data Link control) (to using for convert the frames)PPP (Point to point protocol) (to using for convert the frames)
HDLC It is an encapsulation protocol Layer 2 protocol It don’t have the capability to understand multiple network protocol such as
(IP, IPx) Was protocol Two types HDLC & Cisco HDLC Not support multi core protocol Not Security No verification, No authentications
Proprietary CISCO HDLC protocolNot used other vendorsOnly working Cisco router
Normal HDLCFlag Add Control Data CRC
CRC -- Cyclic Redundancy Check (to use error checking)
CCNA Page 50 of 81
Cisco HDLCFlag Add Control Propriety Data CRC
Config HDLC Router (config) # interface S0Router (config) # encapsulation HDLC
CISCO HDLCThis is the default protocol that is enabled in all Cisco routers It is an encapsulation protocol developed by CiscoIt is a propriety protocolIt is support multiple network layerIt is done by adding an appropriation field to the HDLC protocols
CO CSU/CDU CSU/CDU
Toll Network
CPE Demarcation Point Local Loop 1) CPE – Customer Premises Equipment These are the Devices that are owned by the customers.
2) CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit/Digital Serial Unit Just like a modem (used to connect our data network to a telephone network)
3) Demarcation pointIt is the point where the services provides responsibility Ends.The CPE begins.
4) Local loopLocal loop connect the Demarcation point to the nearest switching office
Switch
R R
Switch
CCNA Page 51 of 81
5) CO (central office) This point connects he customer to the service providers switching N/W
Wan Connection Types
1) Leased (or) Dedicated line2) Circuit switching3) Packet switching
Leased lineA leased line is a free establish was communication path from the through the ISP’S new to the CP of the remote site, allowing DTE N/W to communication at any time with know setup procedure before transmitting the date.
Advantage24 hrs connectivityHigh performancesA Least can have board with of 45 mbps with a T3 line
DisadvantageWe have to pay a huge fixed amount (Independent of the usage)
2. Circuit SwitchingEncapsulation protocols are used in HDLC, PPP
Method ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
We have to setup the connection before tramission the data
AdvantageWe have to pay only for the times.
DisadvantagePoor performancesMaximum data transfer rate 2.048 mbpsEncapsulationPPP (Point to Point Protocol)
3) Packet switchingThis is a hand switching method that all to show the bad with other company to save the money
CCNA Page 52 of 81
AdvantageTo high performance 1m cast
DisadvantageThis is not suitable for continuous transfer
Note: Frame relay Y.25 & ATM are the popular Packet switching technologies.
Procedures in making a connection1. LCP (Link control protocol)2. Authentication 3. NCP (Network Control Protocol)
1. LCP (Link Control Protocol) LCP check where the Atherton is enabled not.
CompressionIt compress the outgoing data so that is saves the expensive bandwidth.
Error detectionLCP detects the error using the quality magic No.
PPP (Point to Point Protocol) 2nd Layer protocol Common used (diff vendor using) High security (Authentication verify) Multi protocol support Serial type cable (using table copper, fiber optical)
Three Basics1. LCP phase (Link control protocol) Maintain connection (Terminate, etc.,)2. Authentication 3. NCP
LCP1. Compression (compression the data)2. Error detection (to detect the data lass)3. Multi link (load balance to send data’s equal)
Authentication (to verify the user)1. PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)2. CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)
R1
R2
R1 R2
Chennai Bangalore
CCNA Page 53 of 81
PAP User Name, Password Accepted / Rejected
User & Password text format In this protocol using two way fund share If accept connection creation If rejected connection rejected No securing
CHAP
Challenge
Accepted / Rejected
User name, Password
In this protocol using three way hands shake
High security
Priority checking
All verification in designation router
Check challenge (code) if corrected create connection & not correct reject
connection.
All verification in source router
User name & password encryption type.
To assign username & password
User Name: Bgl User Name: Chn Password: 123 Password: 123
Bgl 123Router (coating) # username <username> password <password>
BRI
NT
S0
TA NT
CCNA Page 54 of 81
Configuration
Router (config) # int S0Router (config-if) # Encapsulation PPPRouter (config-if) # PPP Authentication PAP (or) CHAP
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
Circuit switchingRouter Physical Connection
Junction Box
U Link
D
O S/T Link (or) S/T Reference T
R Link U Link (or) U Reference
If BRL 1S in Router this Router is known as Native Terminal Router (Terminal as TFI)R link S0 to TA, U link ISP to NT, B/T linkBRI to NT SDN Box
D T U O T
S
R Link
BRI
S0
NT2 NT1
TA
Chn Bgl
CCNA Page 55 of 81
T link between NT2 and NT13 link between BRI to NT2
TE 1 Terminal end point 1TE 2 Terminal end point 2Router having BRI channel is called as Native Terminal. ISDN devices named as TE1. Router having only service port is called as Non-Native ISDN router termed as TE2
Preference PointThe link running between different functional Units is called as reference portNT1 the link between NT2 to ISPNT2 the Point at which all the ISDNLines of the customer’s site are connected using ISDN Box (public Box)
Configure ISDN BRI 1 ISP BRI 0 ISDN Switch E0 E0
ISDN Protocols
E-series ISDN numbering protocolEg: E168, E164
I series: Concept & Terminologies Eg: I 100
Q Series: Switching & signaling
SPID1: 1111 SPID1: 3333Ph: 5555 Ph: 7777SPID2: 2222 SPID2: 4444Ph: 6666 Ph: 8888
SPID Service Provider Identification
CCNA Page 56 of 81
ISDN Switch types (given by ISP)
Basic ESS using IndiaBasic SESS using USNet3 using EuropeNet4 using UKDMS100 using Japan
Layer 2 Encapsulation
It support HDLC, PPP, SLIP
Chn (Config) # int BRI0Chn (Config-if) # Encapsulation HDLC (or) PPP (or) SLIP
Configuring ISDN Switch type
Chn (Config) # int BRI0 Eg: ESSChn (Config-if) # ISDN switch type <switch type>
Config Service Provider
Chn (Config) int BRI 0 Chn (Config-if) # ISDN <SPID No> <SPID Value> <Ph.No>Chn (Config-if) # ISDN SPID1 1111 5555Chn (Config-if) # ISDN SPID2 6666
Note: above all this configuration has to be done at Bangalore Router (encapsulation, ISDN config, ISDN service config)DDR – (Dial on Demand Routing)It explains the step involved in config ISDN network default idle time out 120 secs.
Configuration DDR
1. Enable routing2. Defining the interested traffic3. Config the dialer traffic
Idle time out:
If three is no communication between the source & designation for a septic
time taken the connection, will be automatically terminated. This Idle time out default
value is 120 des.
CCNA Page 57 of 81
Enable routing: Static routing is preferable because the link goes down automatically after 120 sec of idle duration. But in dynamic update or hello packet will be kept of an exchanging between routers.
Static routing Chn (Config) #ip routing
Chn (Config) #ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 BRI0Chn (Config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 E0Chn (Config) #ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 BRI0
Static default Chn (config) #ip routing
Chn (config) # ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.BRI No.
Determining the interested traffic 1 to 10Chn (config) #dialer-list<dialer list no> protocol <protocol type> permit List No ACL-NO IP / IPX Chn (config) #dialer-list 8 IP permit
To restrict (a particular list):1. Create access list2. Give the ACL NO in dialer list
Chn (config) #access list 10 permits 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0Chn (config) #dialer-list 8 protocol IP permit list 10 ACL NO
Implementation: Chn (config) #int BRI 0 Chn (config) #dialer group 8
Config dialer information
Chn (config) # int BRI 0Chn (config-if) #ip address 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0Chn (config-if) # no shutChn (config) # encapsulation PPPBgl (config) #int BRI 1Bgl (config-if) ip address 100.0.0.0 255.0.0.0Bgl (config-if) #no shutBgl (config-if) #encapsulation PPP
To map phone & network IPChn (config) #int BRI 0Chn (config-if) # dialer map ip 100.0.0.2 Name Ph.NoChn (config-if) # 100.0.0.3 Bgl 7777Chn (config-if) # 100.0.0.4 calc 8888
R1 R2 R3
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To change idle timeoutChn (config) #int BRI 0Chn (config-if)#dialer idle-timeout <sec>
Load sharing:
Chn (config-if) #dialer-threshold <1-255>
1 ------ 1st “B” channel is used2 ------ 2nd “B” channel is used128 ----- Both channel used
Practical (RIP Protocol) S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2 S0 40.0.0.1 S1 40.0.0.2
E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1 E0 50.0.0.1
E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2 E0 50.0.0.2
First assign the RIP setup
R1
R1(Config) # IP routingR1(Config) # IP Router RIPR1 (Config-Router) # network 20.0.0.2R1 (Config-Router) # network 10.0.0.1
R2
R2 (Config) # IP RoutingR2 (Config) # IP Router RIPR2 (Config-router) network 20.0.0.1R2 (Config-router) # Network 30.0.0.1R2 (Config-router) # Network 40.0.0.2
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R3
R3 (Config) # IP routingR3 (Config) # IP router RIPR3 (Config-router) # network 40.0.0.1R3 (Config-router) # Network 50.0.0.1
Show IP route in Router 3
R3 # Sh IP router
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connectedC 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connectedR 30.0.0.0/8 (120/1) Via 20.0.0.2R 40.0.0.0/8 (120/1) Via 20.0.0.2R 50.0.0.0/8 (120/2) Via 20.0.0.2
Where,
120 Administrative distance (AD value)1,2 Hop Count (No of Router crossing)
To view which protocol is runningRouter # sh run
To exit the present protocol (RIP) in RouterRouter # no routers RIP
To enable RIP & IGRP is same network
S1 10.0.0.2 S0 30.0.0.1
S1 30.0.0.2 S0 10.0.0.1
S1 20.0.0.1 S0 40.0.0.2
S0 20.0.0.2 S1 40.0.0.1
R1
R2
R4
R3
CCNA Page 60 of 81
R1 R2 R4 using RIP protocolR1 R3 R4 using IGRP protocol
To enter in to IGRP
Router (Config) # IP routingRouter# IGRP 10 (Autonomous System no)
R3 (config) # router 1GRP 10 (Autonomous System no)R3 (config-router) # network 20.0.0.1R3 (config-router) # network 40.0.0.2
R4 (config) # router 1GRP 10R4 (config-router) # Network 30.0.0.1R4 (config-router) # Network 40.0.0.1
To enter into RIP
R4 (config) # router ripR4 (config-router) # network 10.0.0.2R4 (config-router) # Network 20.0.0.2R2 (config) # router ripR2 (config-router) # Network 30.0.0.2R2 (config-router) # Network 10.0.0.1TracingRouter # trace router <30.0.0.2>1. 20.0.0.2 0 msec 16 msec 0m sec2. 40.0.0.2 20 msec 16 msec
Router # sh ip route
C 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connectedC 30.0.0.0/8 is directly connectedC 40.0.0.0/8 is directly connected I 10.0.0.0/8 [100/273] Via 20.0.0.1 I 50.0.0.0/8 [100/651] Via 40.0.0.2
Where100 A.D value273 Composite Metric valueI IGRP
Router # sh IP protocol
Eg: Routing protocol is “IGRP 10”
R1 R2 R3
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All information
Router # sh protocolInter protocol is enabled & information
Practical (OSPF Protocol)
S0 20.0.0.1 S1 20.0.0.2 S0 40.0.0.1 S1 40.0.0.2
E0 10.0.0.1 E0 30.0.0.1 E0 50.0.0.1
E0 10.0.0.2 E0 30.0.0.2 E0 50.0.0.2
Router (config) # router OSPF 0Router (config-router) # network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0Router (config-router) # network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0Router # show IP OSPF database
To view the next hoop address
Router link states (Area 0)Link ID ADV Router Age Seg # check sum link count20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 303 0x80000003 0x9084 1
Net Link states (Area 0)Link ID ADV Router Age Seg # check sum 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 303 0x80000003 0x9084
R2 # show IP OSPF database
Router link state (Area 0)Link ID ADV router Age Seg # check sum link count20.0.0.2 20.0.0.1 543 0x80000093 0x9084 140.0.0.2 40.0.0.2 496 0x80000093 0x9084 1
Net Link Stats (Area 0)Link ID ADV router Age Seg # check sum link count20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 543 0x8000003 0x9084 1
Mum
Bgl
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Router # sh IP OSPF neighbour (highest IP address)Neighbour ID priority state dead time Add Interface 40.0.0.1 1 full 00200:06 20.0.0.2 serial
R2: To disable (access) 30.0.0.1 networkPreparation (list no)Router (config) # access-list 1 deny 10.0.0 0.255.255.255Router (config) # access-list 1 permits any
ImplementationRouter (config) # int E0Router (config-if) # ip access-list 1 out
Enter in Pc 1C :> ping 30.0.0.2 Request time outC :> Ping 40.0.02 Success Pinging
(Router2 S1 interface)To enable (access) 30.0.0.1 networkRouter (config) # no access group 1 out (only remove implementation)
Enter to pc mode C :> ping 30.0.0.2
Frame Relay (or) Packet Switching Network
Packet switching method It is using in single physical to logical multiple lines It is similarly to ISDN Virtual circuit.
128 Kpbs
DLCI 100 (Doted Line) 30.0.0.0 Frame Relay 64 Kbps S1 20.0.0.2 E0
S0 20.0.0.1 ----------
Chn ---------
Switch 64 Kpbs S1 20.0.0.3 E0 DLCI 110(Doted Line) 40.0.0.0 Access List (or) Virtual Circuit (PVC, SVC) – (Doted Line)
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1. Permanent virtual circuit (leased line)2. Switched virtual circuit (on the demand)
Single physical leased line is shared among more than one network is called as packet switched network.
To communicated between different network, a virtual circuit is created to all the network
Virtual Circuit:
It is a logical circuit created to ensure communication between different networks.
Layer 2 encapsulation protocol:
DLCI Data Link Connection IdentifierLMI Local Management InterfaceFECN Forward Explicit CongestionBECN Backward Explicit Congestion DE Discard EligibilityPVC Permanent Virtual Circuit CIR Committed Information Rate
DLCIIt identifies the logical link number of virtual circuit
Eg: DLCI 100, DLCI 110The frame relay switch maps the DLCI no bandwidth two pair of routers to create a virtual circuit
CIRBits per second The service provided communicates the date transfer rate.
LMILMI request given to frame relay switch then it will give LMI response
LMI (three types) Active DLCI No. Inactive Deleted
When the router is switched on, the router give LMI request to the frame relay switch and it will give the LMI response to the source
Active If the destination is available and not in position to communicate. The frame relay switch will give the DLCI no the source and virtual circuit is established
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InactiveIf the destination is available and not in a position to communicate 1 due to errors), then the response will be inactive (no virtual circuit)
Deleted If the destination is physically disconnected
FECNIt will give the information (i.e.) more traffic to the destination frame relay packet (Traffic = Status of traffic is destination)
FECN BELN DE DataBECN
If will give the information more traffic (start in source) to the source. It any congestion in the network than BECN intimates to the source router, so that a router decreases the data transfer rate
DEDue to congestion some packet will be lost if the DE bit is 1 then it will be dropped. If it is 0 it will be not be dropped
PVCIf the LMI response is active and it goers the DLCI no then the PVC is created
Config Frame RelaySpecification of frame relay switch LMISpecification and DLCI no will be given to DOT.
Chn (config) #int S0Chn (config-if) #IP Address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0.Chn (config-if) #no shutChn (config-if) #encapsulation framer lay <Cisco or IETF>
IETF Internet Engg Task ForceIf all entire router are Cisco router the you give CiscoIf different routers are used then you give IETF
Chennai (config-if) #frame-relay LMI type <ANSI, CISCO>
Inverse ARP It will convert DLCI number into IP addressStatic mapping of DLCI into logical address:Chennai (config-If) #frame-relay map ip 20.0.0.2 100 DLCI NO BroadcastChennai (config-If) #frame –relay map ip 20.0.0.3 110 Broadcast
Enabling Inverse ARPChn (config-if)#frame-relay inverse-ARP<protocol><DLCI No>Chn (config-if)#frame-relay inverse-ARP IP 100Chn (config-if) #frame-relay inverse-CP IP110
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Frame Relay Types1. Multipoint2. point to point3. Hybrid
MultipointCommunication of group router is called mesh topology
S0
Frame-Relay Switch
S1 S1 S1
E0-100.0.0.2 E0- 100.0.0.3 E0- 100.0.0.4
Virtual circuit between Chennai to Mumbai, Calcutta, Bangalore and Mumbai to Bangalore, Calcutta and Calcutta to Bangalore six virtual circuit is created.
If all the router interface is in same then it is known as multipoint network
Chennai (config-if) #int S0 multipoint (to disable the split horizon)
Chennai (config-if) #ip address 100.0.0.1 255.00.0
Chennai (config-if) #no shut
Chennai (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay Cisco
Chennai (config-if) #frame-relay LMI-type ANSI
In multipoint split horizon is disable, inverse ARP is enable
Point to Point If there is different destination IP then the interface so it’s divided into many
logical interface Here one logical interface will communicate with one network. so it is point to
point No need to disable the split horizon
Chennai
Mumbai Calcutta Bangalore
CCNA Page 66 of 81
S0
Frame-Relay Switch
S0 S0 S0
S0-110.0.0.2 S0- 120.0.0.2 S0- 130.0.0.2
Chn #int S0 1Chn (config) #ip address 110.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 #no shut #no S0 2 #ip address 120.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
# no shut #int S0 3
#ip address 130.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 #no shutIn this inverse ARP will be disabling for effective communication.
HybridCombination of Multipoint and Point to Point
DLCI No 201 DLCI No 202
DLCI No.200 Frame-Relay Switch
S1 S1 S1
S1-100.0.0.2 S1- 100.0.0.2 S1- 100.0.0.2
Chennai
Mumbai Calcutta Bangalore
Chennai
Mumbai Calcutta Bangalore
Seg 2
Seg 1
Sw BSw A
CCNA Page 67 of 81
Chennai (config) #int S0.1 multipoint #ip add 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 #no shut # Encapsulation frame-relay CISCO #frame-relay LMI-type ANSI #frame-relay interface-DLCI 200 #frame-relay interface- DLCI 201 #int S0.2 #ip add 100.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 #no shut #frame-relay interface-DLCI 202Chennai #sh int so #sh frame-relay LMI #sh frame-relay Map #debugs frame-relay LMI
SWITCH (Managable1900series) (unicast)
It is a larger 2 device which reeds the destination MAC address and forwards the data using forwarding table or MAC table
If creates the forwarding table using hardware called ASIC. It stores into the NVRAM. So no need to save the configuration.
In the absence of startup configuration switch using initial configuration. No terminal editing is not applicable in switch. Show CDP entry or sh CDP neighbour comments will not work in switch.
Function of switch Address learning: It learns the system Mac add that are connected to the parts
and creates the forwarding table or Mac table Forwarding and filtering of format: It forwards the frame to the destination
only and filters all other ports.
Loop Avoidance
E0 1 E0 1
E0 2 E0 2
Sw = Switch
Seg 2
Seg 1
Sw BSw A
Switch A Switch B
CCNA Page 68 of 81
For fault tolerance in the network more than one switch is used, which caused the following problem:
Unicast becomes multicast Multicast \ Broadcast becomes storms Mac table instability.
To overcome three, switch user Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Spanning tree protocol (STP) IEEE 802-1dIt will assign one switch is root switch and another one is non root switch
4 Mbps E0 / 1 E0 / 1 Root Switch
E0 / 2 2 Mbps E0 / 2
Designated port (forwarded state) Root Port (forwarded state)
Non-Designated port (blocking state)
Designated port (forwarded state)
Root port
Root Switch Non- Designated port (Blocking state)
Priority low ----- Root switchPriority high ----- Non root switch
If 2.switch select lowest Mac address as root, another is non root higher bandwidth is root, lowe5r bandwidth is root, and lower bandwidth is non designated port
If both are in same bandwidth then consider the lowest port no .
CCNA Page 69 of 81
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit)
Update information between 2 switches for every 2 secs. If there is any problem in switch A then using BPDU the next path will become as root path.
Spann Tree Standardized by IEEE 802 1d STP assigns the one bridge as Root Bridge and other as non root bridge. Root
bridge ports are called designated that can receive and forward the frame.
Non-root bridgesOne will be assigned as root port that as and forward the frame and non design
port that can the frame and cant forward (blocked).Root bridge is assigned on priority no and Mac add switch will have single Mac add that share for all the ports.
Root port is assigned based on bandwidth (higher B.W) and port no (lower) default priority no to switch is 32768.
STP Port Status Blocking state 20 sec (initial state of switch) Listening State 15 sec(listen Mac add by broadcast) Learning state 15sec (creating Mac table) Forwarding state To forward a frame it take 50 sec
Bridges exchange BPDU for every 2 sec (non-designated port receives the BPDU)Different modes of operation of switchesStore and forward
In this mode, switch store the entire frame in the buffer and checks the error and forwards (sourced TX)
Cut throughIt read the up to destination Mac add and the immediately forward to the destination no error checking (no security) there are many collisions.
Fragment free or modified cut through
It avoids collisions head the 1st 64 bit address checks. The error and forwards [switch 1900 series default mode]
1900 catalyst switch (manageable switch)
1912 model1. E0 port (E01, E02………E012)2. AUI port (E0/25)3. Fast Ethernet port (F026, F027)
CCNA Page 70 of 81
1924 model1. 24 port (E01……….E024)2. AUI port (E0/25)3. Fast Ethernet port (F026, F027)
To configure switch It has IOS K, M, I mode
K Command modeM Menu driver,I IP address config
Manageable switch has the built in IOS while booting CISCO switch will boot through this menu Switch full duplexHub hub duplexWhile booting >k command line (mostly used)Switch>en (user exec. mode)Switch# (priv. modes)Switch# config terminal (global config mode)
To view the Mac tableSwitch # sh Mac-address tableMac address port No Type source service listMac (AAA) eo/1 static (restricted site) eo/10Mac (BBB) eo/2 permanent (manual config) a11Mac (CCC) eo/3 Dynamic a11Manually or static method of assigning or feeding Mac or forwarding table
AllowSwitch (config)# Mac-address-table permanent <Mac-add) E01 (exit interface)
To Restrict Switch (config)# Mac address-table restricted static <Mac-add> E0/2 E0/5
(Exit) (Stat list)Allows: E0/5 port data to E0/2 port.
To enable duplexSwitch (config) # int E0/1Switch (config) # duplex half / full / Auto
One Mac table in 1900 services catalyst switch Accommodate 1024 Mac-address Per port 132 addresses can be mapped
To restrict the no of address mapped to a protocol portSwitch (config) # Int E0/2Switch (config)# Port secure max-Mac-count <1-32>
CCNA Page 71 of 81
To view whether securing is enabled or notSwitch (config)# sh Mac-address table security
Port status CountEo/1 Enable 20Eo/2 Enable 10Eo/3 Disable N/A (not allowed)
Address ViolationThe no-to Mac add mapped to a particular port exceeds the limit, the address
violation takes place.
To disable securitySwitch (config) # Address-violation disable (or) ignore (or) suspend
VLAN
10.1.0.0./16 10.2.0.0/16
8 concision domain single broad cast domain.VLAN: 2 VLAN: 3 (Or) (Or)VLAN: Red VLAN: Black
To restrict broadcast we used VLAN by defined all VLAN = 2, so we use 2, 3.
By implementing VLAN in a switch, are can control the broadcast (i.e.) single
broadcast domain cable subdivided into many. In order to increase the network
performance VLAN can be with a switch or between switches or between remote
locations switches or between remote location switching with thee help of router
VLAN connecting between switches or switches to router should be through fast
Ethernet.
VLAN within a Switch
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
Router
CCNA Page 72 of 81
VLAN between a switch
Switch 1 Switch 2
VLAN 2 VLAN 3
VLAN 2 F0=Fast Ethernet F0/26 VLAN 3 F0/27
Trunk Line
To communicate to the same VLAN in designation network we need VLAN
Inter VLAN communication
F0/1 F0/2 F0/3……F0/22 F0/24
2950 switch
Trunk Link Sys 2 – 10.2.0.1 /16 Sys 1 VLan no: 200 10.1.0.1/16 VLan Name: Kumar VLan no: 100 VLan Name: udaya
Enabling inter VLAN communication can be done by using trunk link as shown in the above diagram
CCNA Page 73 of 81
Link carrying VLAN information of single VLAN referred as Access link Link having capability of carrying more than one VLAN information is
referred as trunk link. Trucking can be achieved between fast Ethernet port and gigabit Ethernet ports, but not by using Ethernet ports so for inter VLAN communication. We need a router with at least one fast Ethernet port.
ISL – Inter Switch Link protocol
It is a layer 2 encapsulation protocol to add VLAN information along with the data.
TruckingThe link running between switching which allow data and VLAN information
to find through it (trunk)
To enable truckingSwitch (config) # Int F0/26
# Trunk on
Mapping the VLAN to a nameSwitch (config) # VLAN <VLAN No> name <VLAN name>
# VLAN 2 Name red# VLAN 3 Name Black
Making VLAN MembershipIt can be done by using two methods
1. Static2. Dynamic VMPS (VLAN Membership Policy Sever)
DynamicIn the dynamic VMPS service need to assign VLAN number dynamically. In
the server VLAN no and system Mac add to be configured. In 5000 series of catalyst switch will have the built in VMPS service.
StaticIn static port No should be mapped to the VLAN
Switch (config) # Int E0/1 # VLAN-membership static <VLAN No> # VLAN-membership static 2 # Int E0/2 # VLAN membership static 2 # Int E0/6 # VLAN membership static 3
Router
CCNA Page 74 of 81
To communicate between 2 diff VLAN are need router
Fa/0
Switch
Trunk Link VLan:2 VLan: 3 10.1.0.0/16 10.2.0.0/16 Gateway: 10.1.0.10 Gateway: 10.2.0.10
(If different network we have to give gateway same network no meet of gateway. In router you have to give 2 gateways.)
Router (config) # int fa / 0.1 # IP address 10.1.0.10 255.255.0.0 # No shut # Encapsulation ISL O # Int to / 0.3# IP add 10.2.0.10 255.255.0.0# No shut# Encapsulation ISL 3
VTP – VLAN Trucking Protocol
It is also called as layer 2 messaging protocol which causes the VLAN
configuration message to the remote location.
If we-domain restricts updation of a switch but it win broadcast.
VTP Server --- Adding, modification, defection, synchronization
VTP Client --- Only updating no modification, synchronization is possible (update, information)
VTP Transport --- If only transport the changes no synchronization
Router
CCNA Page 75 of 81
Switch 1 Switch 2
VLan 2 VLan 3
VLan 2 VLan 4
VLan 4 VLan 2VTP Modes
VTP serverBy default, every switch acts as a VTP server. It can add, modify, delete the VLAN information but it will not save the changes of other switch but it will forward to the other switch.
VTP ClientIf will not allow add, modify, delete the VLAN information. But it will not save the changes of other switch. But it will forward to the other switch.
To change VTP madeSwitch (config) # VTP client or server or transparent
To configure VTP domainSwitch (config) # VTP domain <domain name>
# VTP domain udaya
CCNA Page 76 of 81
VLAN Practical
Fa 0/1 Fa 0/2 Fa 0/3 Fa 0/4
10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.3
Switch#en #VLan database Switch (VLan) #VLan 2 name udaya #apply
#exitSwitch#sh VLan
VLan Name Status Ports1 Default Active Fa 0/1……..Fa 0/122 Udaya Active
Switch#en #VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) #VLan 3 name Kumar #exitSwitch#sh VLanVLan Name Status Ports
1 Default Active Fa 0/1……Fa 0/122 Udaya Active3 Kumar Active
Switch # conf tSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/1Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/2Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/3Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/4Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3
Switch 1 Switch 2
CCNA Page 77 of 81
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access # Exit.
VLan Practical with two switches
Trunk Link
Pc 1 Pc 8 Pc 2
Pc 3 Pc 7
Pc 4 Pc 6 Pc 5
Note: Pc 1, Pc 2, Pc 5, Pc 6 in VLan 2Pc 3, Pc 4, Pc 7, Pc 8 in VLan 3
Pc.No IP Address Subnet Mask 1 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.02 10.0.0.3 255.0.0.03 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.04 20.0.0.3 255.0.0.05 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.06 10.0.0.5 255.0.0.07 20.0.0.4 255.0.0.08 20.0.0.5 255.0.0.0
Configure (Switch 1)Switch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 2 name redSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exitSwitch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 3 name blueSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exit
Switch # conf tSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/1
CCNA Page 78 of 81
Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/2Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/3Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/4Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Configure (Switch 2)Switch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 2 name redSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exitSwitch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 3 name blueSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exit
Switch # conf tSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/1Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/2Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/3Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/4Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Connect Trunk Line between two switchesSwitch 1Switch # conf tSwitch # int Fa 0/10Switch (config-if) # switch port mode trunk
Switch 2Switch # conf tSwitch # int Fa 0/10Switch (config-if) # switch port mode trunk
Router (R1)
CCNA Page 79 of 81
VLan Practical Router with switch
E0/0.1,E0/0.2
Fa 0/1 Fa 0/2 Fa 0/8 Fa 0/3 Fa 0/4
VLan 2 VLan 3
Pc 1 Pc 2 Pc 3
Pc 4
VLan 2 default gateway 10.0.0.1VLan 3 default gateway 20.0.0.2Pc.No IP Address Subnet Mask
1 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.02 10.0.0.3 255.0.0.03 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.04 20.0.0.3 255.0.0.0
Configure Switch
Switch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 2 name udayaSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exitSwitch # VLan databaseSwitch (VLan) # VLan 3 name KumarSwitch (VLan) # applySwitch (VLan) # exit
Switch # conf tSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/1Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2
CCNA Page 80 of 81
Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/2Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 2Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/3Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode accessSwitch (config) # int Fa 0/4Switch (config-if) # switch port access VLan 3Switch (config-if) # switch port mode access
Configure in Router
Router # conf tRouter (config) # E0/0.1Router (config-subif) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0Router (config-subif) # no shutRouter (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 3
Router (config) # E0/0.2Router (config-subif) # ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0Router (config-subif) # no shutRouter (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 3
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
Classless Routing
Eg:172.168.0.0 /18255.255.192.0
1st subnet id 172.168.64.0/182nd subnet id 172.168.128.0/18
172.168.64.0/18+3=21255.255.248.0
1st subnet id 172.168.72.0/212nd subnet id 172.168.80.0/213rd subnet id 172.168.88.0/214th subnet id 172.168.96.0/21
172.168.72.0/21+3255.255.255.0
M1
M2 M3
BRBR BR
BR
F3
F2F1
CCNA Page 81 of 81
1st subnet id 172.168.73.02nd subnet id 172.168.74.03rd subnet id 172.168.75.0
172.168.73.0/24+3=27255.255.255.254
1st subnet id 172.168.105.0 – 30 host2nd subnet id 172.168.137.0 – 30 host3rd subnet id 172.168.164.0 – 30 host
172.168.0.0
172.168.64.0 172.168.128.0
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