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DOES THE EDIBLE MARIJUANA MARKET DISCRIMINATE? – A LOOK AT THE DISTRIBUTION OF LAB TESTED MARIJUANA EDIBLES IN LOS ANGELES
Jared T. Stokes
OVERARCHING STUDY
Study is an extension to Drexel University’s study of medical marijuana use in Los Angeles Headed by Dr. Stephen Lankenau
Study Time Frame: 2013-2018 R01 grant from NIH
Impact of medical and recreational usage of marijuana on physical and psychological well being among young adults (18 – 26 years old)
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY California was the first state
to approve marijuana for medical use in 1996 Proposition 215 (The
Compassionate Use Act) According to the Controlled
Substance Act (CSA), marijuana, like heroin and LSD, is classified as a Schedule 1 controlled substance(Chapkis & Webb, 2008).
However, current medical research presents its usage as a valuable medical agent (Wolkowicz, 2012).
CURRENT MARIJUANA PRACTICES IN CALIFORNIA
Los Angeles alone is estimated as having around 500 to 1,000 dispensaries and collectivesAn “interim control ordinance” (ICO)
declared a moratorium on new marijuana dispensaries
Lab Testing Cannabinoid profiling tests for the amount of
THC, CBD, and cannabinol, or CBN, which are all important cannabinoids found in marijuana contributing to its therapeutic effects
Can be used to detect impurities found in marijuana
CITY OF LOS ANGELES
MARIJUANA EDIBLES
Wide variety of different products now available to consumers at medical marijuana dispensaries “In addition to the “old school” brownies, marijuana
edibles have widely expanded to include products such as lozenges, candy, gummy bears, and sweets (Newman, 2014)”
Process behind making edibles: Cannabinoids must be extracted from the raw
marijuana plant Marijuana has to be heated and boiled in fat or liquor
in order for medical effects to be experienced “Butters, oils, tinctures, and extracts made from
cannabis infusions are incorporated into edible products” (Wolkowicz, 2012)
MARIJUANA EDIBLES (CONTINUED)
INQUIRIES REGARDING DISTRIBUTION
The “lab tested” label is an adequate predictor of an edible product’s nutritional value “Cannabis that is not safely produced can
contain mold and mildew, harmful bacteria, traces of pesticides or other chemicals or fail to meet promised levels for potency (Newsdesk, 2013).”
The United States currently faces notable differences in the distribution of healthy foods based on socioeconomic status
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
“Does the edible marijuana market discriminate?”
Assumptions Low-income neighborhoods may contain less
marijuana edibles that are lab tested Reputable lab tested edible marijuana
businesses may focus on marketing to wealthier areas
RESOURCE FOR DATA COLLECTION
RESOURCE FOR DATA COLLECTION (CONTINUED)
Dispensaries were located using weedmaps.com An online database
operated by Weedmaps Media Inc. of Denver, Colorado
Provides online resources: Email services Classified ads Forums
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Unit of Analysis Marijuana dispensaries
Data Collection Names of each marijuana dispensary, edibles
sold, and their corresponding addresses were collected and stored using a word processor
Data Analysis All marijuana dispensaries were numbered from
one to 100 Dispensaries were sorted in a spreadsheet
application according to edible items sold Zip codes and demographic data were also
utilized
EDIBLES COLLECTIVE
EDIBLES COLLECTIVE (CONTINUED)
90046 15, 67, 98 74 10 14% 1864 $52,593 38.5 50,546
90048 24, 73 48 6 13% 2198 $75,472 39.2 22,691
90057 10 30 4 13% 681 $27,854 31.2 45,833
90064 36 48 5 10% 2224 $81,240 40 26,637
90065 87 22 1 5% 608 $55,885 36.1 46,054
DISPENSARY DEMOGRAPHICSDispensary Characteristics Census Characteristics
Zip Code Dispensaries Represented
# of Edibles sold
# of Lab Tested Edibles
sold
% of Lab Tested Edibles
sold
Number of Businesses
Avg. Income Per Household
Median Age
Current Population
90004 11 7 5 71% 1045 $38,430 34.8 63,761
90006 77 10 5 50% 1016 $30,260 32.4 61,607
90008 20 25 11 44% 324 $39,661 39.7 33,696
90011 9, 83 15 6 40% 709 $30,198 26.2 108,213
90013 84 21 8 38% 1222 $17,072 44.6 7,011
DISPENSARY DEMOGRAPHICS (CONTINUED)
Zip Code Number of Businesses
Avg. Income Per
Household
Median Age Current Population
2010 Population
90003 410 $29,174 26.3 72,022 66,266
90007 912 $22,047 24 40,158 40,920
90012 1260 $26,094 36.3 23,888 31,103
90025 3525 $72,625 34.7 44,981 42,147
90033 526 $28,773 29.2 47,133 48,852
90063 323 $38,801 29 54,377 55,758
Mean Median Range Standard Deviation
Skewness
Number of Businesses
1054.441176 ~ 1054
873.5 ~ 874
Avg. Income Per Household
$45,179 $39,118 Min: $13,504
Max: $81,240
18368.23306 ~ 18,368
0.527587228
Median Age 35.27352941 ~ 35
34.6 ~ 35
Current Population
44,974 45,944
Mean Median Range Standard Deviation
Skewness
Number of Businesses
1159.333333 ~ 1159
719
Avg. Income Per Household
$36,252 $28,974 Min: $22,047
Max: $72,625
18657.40091 ~ 18,657
2.006988218
Median Age 29.91666667 ~ 30
29.1 ~ 29
Current Population
47,093 46,057
DISPENSARY STATISTICS
Lab Tested Edible Product
# of Edibles Sold
# of Lab Tested Edibles Sold
Percentage
Cheeba Chews 34 22 65%
Bhang Chocolates
34 15 44%
Korova 34 7 21%
Molly Rancher 34 7 21%
Casa Luna 34 6 18%
Kiva 34 6 18%
Auntie Dolores 34 4 12%
Tetra Labs 34 4 12%
The Venice Cookie Co.
34 4 12%
Edipure 34 3 9%
Kush Cake Pop
34 2 6%
Kind Bake 34 1 3%
Paradise Candy Co.
34 1 3%
The most common edibles observed in all dispensaries were the following: Brownies Lollipops Jolly Ranchers Chocolate Bars Cakes
MEDICAL MARIJUANA EDIBLES
RESULTS
Overall, 57 out of the 100 marijuana dispensaries carried lab tested marijuana edibles The 57 dispensaries containing lab tested edibles
were located in 34 Los Angeles zip codes The 43 dispensaries that did not sell lab tested
edibles were located in six Los Angeles zip codes Mean annual income of zip codes that
contained dispensaries selling lab tested edibles was the following: $45,179
Mean annual income for six zip codes that did not contain dispensaries selling lab tested edibles: $36,252
RESULTS (CONTINUED)
A Mann Whitney U Test was used to test significance of findings Assumed 95% confidence Z = (U - nAnB/2) ÷ [√(nAnB (nA + nB + 1)/12)] A statistically significant Z score of -3.86 was
produced
DISCUSSION
Average annual income for zip codes that contained dispensaries selling lab tested edibles was higher than for zip codes with dispensaries that did not sell lab tested edibles Zip codes containing dispensaries that did not sell
lab tested edibles were located on the edge of East Los Angeles (however, there was one outlier)
Average median age for zip codes that contained dispensaries selling lab tested edibles was also higher than zip codes containing dispensaries that did not sell lab tested edibles: 35 years old vs. 30 years old
LIMITATIONS
Selection of dispensaries for analysis was not done randomly
Cross-sectional Study Data was gathered between the months of
January and February, 2014 Data collection
Edible items were manually counted Dispensaries often misspelled the names of
edibles
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS Implications
Patients living in lower income zip codes without lab tested edibles may be subject higher rates of impurities compared to higher income zip codes
If there is truly a difference in the distribution of lab tested edibles, work must be done to lessen disparities observed
Food Audits Uniformity among dispensaries when posting
marijuana edibles on weedmaps.com More information of food items Correct spelling of food items
Repeat this study with a randomized sample Test to see if there are more dispensaries selling lab
tested marijuana edibles in certain zip codes
“Drexel University fulfills our founder's vision of preparing each new generation of students for productive professional and civic lives while also focusing our collective expertise on solving society's greatest problems.”
“Overcome the devils with a thing called love.”
- Bob Marley
REFERENCES Chapkis, W., & Webb, R. (2008). Dying to get high: Marijuana
as medicine. New York, NY: New York University Press. Newman, T. (2014, February 7). [Web log message]. Retrieved
from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tony-newman/edible-marijuana-safety_b_4748069.html
Newman, T. (2014, February 7). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tony-newman/edible-marijuana-safety_b_4748069.html
Newsdesk. (2013). New labs risk dea raids to test medical marijuana for safety. PBS NewsHour, Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/new-labs-spring-up-to-test-medical-marijuana-for-safety-and-potency/
Wolkowicz, A. (2012). Edible marijuana: A new frontier in the culinary world. Manuscript submitted for publication, Johnson & Wales University - Providence, Providence, RI. Retrieved from http://scholarsarchive.jwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=student_scholarship
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