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CASUALTY INSURERS’ TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS
TO REDUCE RECURRING LOSSES
CASUALTY INSURERS’ TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS
TO REDUCE RECURRING LOSSES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
BACKGROUND
INSURED PERILSINSURED PERILSINSURED PERILSINSURED PERILS
WIND
EARTHQUAKE
FLOOD (MAINLY GOV.)
WINTER STORMS
HAIL
FIRE
INSURANCE: “TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS” WILL BENEFIT EVERYONE
INSURANCE: “TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS” WILL BENEFIT EVERYONE
REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL VULNERABILITIES VULNERABILITIES
REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL VULNERABILITIES VULNERABILITIES
CONTRIBUTIONS OF NATURAL HAZARDS: TO RECURRING LOSSES
CONTRIBUTIONS OF NATURAL HAZARDS: TO RECURRING LOSSES
• EARTHQUAKES: GREATEST SINGLE-EVENT POTENTIAL LOSS OF LIFE
• WINDSTORMS, EARTHQUAKES, AND FLOODS: ANNUAL ECONOMIC LOSSES ARE DISTRIBUTED NEARY EQUALLY
• BUSINESS INTERRUPTION FROM ALL HAZARDS CAUSES MAJOR ECONOMIC LOSSES
• EARTHQUAKES: GREATEST SINGLE-EVENT POTENTIAL LOSS OF LIFE
• WINDSTORMS, EARTHQUAKES, AND FLOODS: ANNUAL ECONOMIC LOSSES ARE DISTRIBUTED NEARY EQUALLY
• BUSINESS INTERRUPTION FROM ALL HAZARDS CAUSES MAJOR ECONOMIC LOSSES
MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS SEVERE WINDSTORMS:
“HURRICANES”
WIND AND WATER INSIDE BUILDING ENVELOPE
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
UPLIFT OF ROOF SY STEM
FLY ING DEBRIS
FLOODING FROM STORM SURGE
STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITY , ASSY MMETRY , AND
DISCONTINUTIES
QUALITY OF WORK MANSHIP
NON-STRUCTURALELEMENTS
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS
• METAL EDGE FLASHING
• ROOF ASSEMBLY: ABOVE DECK (COVERINGCOVERING) AND DECK (METAL AND METAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETELIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE)
• FASTENERS:: TYPES AND SPACING
• OPENINGS: WINDOWS AND DOORSWINDOWS AND DOORS
FOR SEVERE WINDSTORMS (Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones)
• HIGHEST PRIORITY ARE MEASURES THAT PROTECT ROOFS AND BUILDING FACADE OPENINGS.
• RESEARCH ON WINDOW COVERINGS SHOULD BE ACCELERATED.
MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS “EARTHQUAKES”
SOIL-STRUCTURE RESONANCE
EARTHQUAK ESEARTHQUAK ES
SOIL FAILURE
BUILDING HAMMERINGOR POUNDING
UNDEREST IMATION OFLATERAL FORCES
IRREGULARITY , ASSYMMETRY,AND DISCONTINUTIES
QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP
IGNORING NON-STRUCTURALELEMENTS
CAUSES OFDAMAGE
CAUSES OFDAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
WELL KNOWN VULNERABILITIES IN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL STRUCTURES
WELL KNOWN VULNERABILITIES IN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL STRUCTURES
• ROOF SYSTEMS• BUILDING
ENVELOPES• STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS• FOUNDATION
SYSTEMS• NON-STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM ELEMENTS
WELL KNOWN VULNERABILITIES
• UNREINFORCED MASONRY WEAKNESS
• SOFT-STORY WEAKNESS (LOAD PATHLOAD PATH)
• CRIPPLE WALL WEAKNESS (LOAD PATHLOAD PATH)
• UNREINFORCED MASONRY and CHIMNEY WEAKNESS
• FOUNDATION ANCHORAGE WEAKNESS
• INTERIOR CONTENTS
MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS
• HIGHEST PRIORITY SOLUTIONS ARE THE MEASURES THAT PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH
MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS
• HIGHEST PRIORITY SOLUTIONS ARE THE MEASURES THAT INCREASE LATERAL RESISTANCE. TO GROUND SHAKING
BASE ISOLATION FOR EARTHQUAKES
• RESEARCH ON ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES SHOULD BE ACCELERATED.
MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS: REDUCE
VULNERABILIES DUE TO IRREGULARITIES IN
BUILDING ELEVATIONS
SOURCE: Swiss Re
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1-21-2
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
BoxBox
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
11
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
PyramidPyramid
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 64 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted PyramidInverted Pyramid
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 65 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
““L”- Shaped L”- Shaped BuildingBuilding
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
3 - 53 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted “T”Inverted “T”
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 32 - 3
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Multiple SetbacksMultiple Setbacks
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 54 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
OverhangOverhang
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
6 - 76 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Partial “Soft” StoryPartial “Soft” Story
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 108 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
““Soft” First FloorSoft” First Floor
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 109 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Combination of Combination of “Soft” Story and “Soft” Story and
OverhangOverhang
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1010
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure.
BUILDING ELEVATION
BUILDING ELEVATION
Building on Building on Sloping GroundSloping Ground
LOOKING AHEAD
ARE PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS POSSIBLE?
• YES, …
• WHEN INSURERS, HOME OWNERS, BUSINESSES, AND COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS WORK TOGETHER TO REDUCE RECURRING LOSSES FROM WELL- KNOWN VULNERABILITIES IN THEIR COMMUNITY.
Concerted Global Effort to Find The Ten Most Concerted Global Effort to Find The Ten Most Wanted SolutionsWanted Solutions
Concerted Global Effort to Find The Ten Most Concerted Global Effort to Find The Ten Most Wanted SolutionsWanted Solutions
Living With Potential Disaster Agents
Continuing Education
Ecology
Community Resilience
Vulnerability Reduction
Land Use
Public Awareness
Public Health
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery
Building To Withstand Disaster Agents
Safer New Construction
Hazard Characterization
Risk Assessment
Managing Unacceptable Risk
Global Codes and Performance Standards
Learning From Disasters and Sharing Knowledge
Accelerating Implementation of Knowledge
Laboratories to Increase Knowledge
Data Collection / Data Integration
Sharing knowledge and Technology
Global Centers of Excellence
Indicators of and Solutions For Indicators of and Solutions For Reducing VulnerabilityReducing Vulnerability
Indicators of and Solutions For Indicators of and Solutions For Reducing VulnerabilityReducing Vulnerability
WHO BENEFITS?
• EVERYONE BENEFITS AS MORTALITY, MORBIDITY, AND ECONOMIC LOSSES ARE REDUCED IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES TO REDUCE PHYSICAL VULNERABILITIES IN THEIR COMMUNITY.
BUSINESS INTERRUPTION AFFECTS BUSINESS SURVIVAL
BUSINESS INTERRUPTION AFFECTS BUSINESS SURVIVAL
• TWENTY PERCENT OF SMALL- TO- MEDIUM SIZE COMPANIES SUFFER DISASTERS EVERY 5 YEARS
• FORTY-THREE PERCENT NEVER REOPEN FOR BUSINESS
BOOK OF
BOOK OF
KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE
- Perspectives
- Perspectives
On Science, Policy,
On Science, Policy,
And Change
And Change
NAT. HAZARDS PROVIDE A GLOBAL DATABASE NAT. HAZARDS PROVIDE A GLOBAL DATABASE NAT. HAZARDS PROVIDE A GLOBAL DATABASE NAT. HAZARDS PROVIDE A GLOBAL DATABASE
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
FLOODS
WINTER STORMS
HAIL STORMS
FIRE
BUSINESS INTERRUPTION
LOSS OF FUNCTION
CATASTROPHES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
INSURANCE: “TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS”
INSURANCE: “TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS”
GOAL: COMMUNITIY DISASTER RESILIENCE
GOAL: COMMUNITIY DISASTER RESILIENCE
REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL VULNERABILITIES VULNERABILITIES
REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL VULNERABILITIES VULNERABILITIES
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