caregiving and caregivers in glace bay deborah kiceniuk, phd andrew harvey, phd adrian mackenzie,...
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Caregiving and Caregivers in Glace Bay
Deborah Kiceniuk, PhD
Andrew Harvey, PhD
Adrian MacKenzie, BSc
Unpaid Caregiving
Unpaid work households do by and for themselves, including domestic chores, childcare, and shopping
Objectives
1. To examine the relationship between caregiving and health behaviours and practices in relation to demographic variables
2. To examine similarities and differences in health behaviours and practices between caregivers in two Nova Scotian communities in relation to demographic variables
Hypotheses – what we expected!
Caregivers are more likely to be female, married, middle-aged, unemployed, less education, lower income
Caregivers poorer emotional health status, and similar physical health status
Caregivers and non-caregivers will have similar health utilization and health behaviour patterns
Variables – What we looked at!
Demographics» gender, marital status, education, age,
income, and occupational status
Health Status
» perceived physical and emotional health
» objective measures – limited activity and medication use
Variables – cont’d
• Health Care Utilization
» frequency of visits to physicians, other health care providers, mental health professionals, OP/Emerg.
• Health Behaviours
» frequency of pap smears & mammograms,
» smoking, exercise within various time
frames
Variables – cont’d
Social Support
» frequency of contacting relatives or neighbours
» frequency in attending religious events
» ability to partake volunteer activities
Glace Bay - respondents
87% response rate
1694 respondents
Slightly >60%
Aged 45>
40%
Household inc.
$35,000>
Slightly >50%
Grade 12
29.5%
University or
Community C.
60%
Married or
Living CL
Glace Bay - Caregivers
12.6% of sample
206 respondents
67.5% female (C)
55.8% female (N)
69% - =>45 (C)
58.5% - =>45 (N)
69.5% - M/CL (C)
58.8% - M/CL (N)
Similar
Income & education levels
Caregiver characteristics
Caregivers 12.6% of sample (206)
67.5% female (C) 69% - =>45 (C) 69.5% - M/CL (C)
Similar income & education levels
Non-Caregivers
55.8% female
58.5% - =>45 (N)
58.8% - M/CL (N)
Demographics
Age
Age
65 +55 - 6445 - 5435 - 4425 - 3415 - 24
Per
cent
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Main Activity
Main Activity
Other
Retired
Homemaker
Student
Unemployed
Employed
Per
cent
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Highest level of education completed
Other
University Degree
Community College Ce
Grades 9 - 12
Primary - 8
Pe
rce
nt
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-Caregiver
Caregiver
Education Level
Household Income
Annual Household Income
$50,000 and over
$35,000-$49,999
$20,000 - $34,999
$10,000 - $19,999
Under $10,000
Per
cent
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Health Status
Would you say your health is...
Fair/PoorGoodExcellent/Very Good
Pe
rce
nt
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-Caregiver
Caregiver
Perceived Health Status
Limited Activity Levels
Limited in activity due to long-term physical/mental/health problems?
NoYes
Per
cent
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Pain reliever/anti-inflammatory
Pain Reliever/Anti-Inflammatory Use
Never1-3 times/month1-7 times/week
Per
cent
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Anti-depressants
Anti-Depressant Use
Never1-3 times/month1-7 times/week
Per
cent
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Blood Pressure Medication Use
Never1-3 times/month1-7 times/week
Per
cent
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Blood Pressure Medication
Stomach Remedies
Stomach Remedy Use
Never1-3 times/month1-7 times/week
Per
cent
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Emotional Health and Stress
Life Stress
Would you describe your life as...
Not at all stressful
Somewhat or not very
Very stressful
Per
cent
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
...feel that you've not accomplised what you set out to do?
NoYes
Perc
ent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-Caregiver
Caregiver
Not Accomplished What You Want
...worry that you don't spend enough time with your family or friends?
NoYes
Perc
ent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-Caregiver
Caregiver
Enough Time with Family/Friends
Feel that you're constantly under stress trying to accomplish more?
NoYes
Perc
ent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-Caregiver
Caregiver
Trying to Accomplish More
Health Care Utilization
Physician Contact in Past Year
13 times or more
3 - 12 times
1 - 2 times
None
Perc
ent
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-Caregiver
Caregiver
Physician Contacts
Visits to ER/Outpatients Last Year
13 times or more
3 - 12 times
1 - 2 times
None
Pe
rce
nt
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-Caregiver
Caregiver
Visits to ER/OP
Health Practices and Behaviours
Mammograms
Have you had a mammogram in the past year?
YesNo
Per
cent
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Have you had a pap test in the past year?
YesNo
Per
cent
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Pap Tests
Exercise Patterns
Exercise
Less than once/week
1 - 3 times p er week
3+ times per week
Per
cent
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Smoking
At the present time, do you smoke cigarettes?
Not at allOccasionallyDaily
Per
cent
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Caregiver
Non-Caregiver
Social Support
Contact with Family
Contact with non-live-in family
Less than once/month
At least once/month
At least once/week
Have none/live with
Per
cen
t
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Caregiver
Non-Caregiver
Contact with Neighbours
How often did you have contact with your neighbors?
Less than once/month
At least once/month
At least once/week
Don't have any
Per
cen
t
80
60
40
20
0
Caregiving Status
Non-caregiver
Caregiver
Other than on special occasions , how often did you attend religious/spi
Not at all
At least once/year
At least 3-4 times/y
At least once/month
At least once/week
Per
cen
t
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Caregiver
Non-Caregiver
Attendance at Religious Events
Unpaid work for a specific group of organization in past 12 months?
NoYes
Per
cen
t
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Caregiving Status
Caregiver
Non-Caregiver
Volunteerism
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