carbohydrates are the most abundant macromolecules of life are made up entirely of c, h, o functions...
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Carbohydrates•are the most abundant macromolecules of life •are made up entirely of C, H, O•Functions of Carbohydrates are:
•Plant Structure •cellulose gives structure to many plant walls
•Immediate Energy Needs •carbohydrates are broken down to glucose•glucose is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) •ATP is the body's energy currency
•Long-Term Energy Storage •glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles
Monosaccharides•Glucose
•main source of our fuel•formed by plants •found in many foods •C6H12O6
•Galactose •forms lactose
•Fructose •found in fruit/honey
•Ribose •found in RNA
•Deoxyribose •found in DNA
Polysaccharides
•Starch •plant energy storage•found in potatoes, rice •corn and wheat
•Glycogen • animal energy storage
•Cellulose •plant structure•source of dietary fiber
•Chitin •found in insects and•crustacean shells
Fruits
Consume a variety of fruits and no more than one-third of the recommended intake as fruit juice
headbeard
kernels
stem
root
a wheat plant
a kernel of wheat
husk (chaff)
bran (14%)
endosperm (83%)
germ (2.5%)
What’s in Whole Grain?
•Germ•Endosperm•Bran•Husk
What’s in White Bread?
•Endosperm
Gallbladder stores bile
Liver uses blood cholesterol to
make bileIntestine: bile aids digestion; binds to fiber
Fiber and bile excreted in
feces
A little cholesterol in bile reabsorbed
into the blood
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
High-FiberDiet
Gallbladder stores bile
Liver uses blood cholesterol to
make bileIntestine: bile aids digestion
Little bile excreted
Much of the cholesterol in bile absorbed into
the blood
Low-FiberDiet
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
Proteins•are composed of chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds •are polymers made from a set of 20 monomers or amino acids •The Function of Proteins are:
•Body and Cellular Support•collagen in your skin, hair, bones, and arteries provide strength •CAM (cell adhesion molecule) proteins anchor cells together
•Organ and Body Movement •actin and myosin filaments in muscle regulate muscle contraction
•Cellular Communication •receptors, hormones, and MHC proteins allow cellular communicate
•Transportation of Nutrients •hemoglobin carries oxygen via red blood cells throughout the body
•Regulation of Physiological Functions •enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters regulate many activities
Protein Structure
Chain of Amino Acids
Held Together by Peptide Bonds
Has 4 Levels of StructurePrimarySecondaryTiertiaryQuarternary
Lipids•are non-polar molecules and are therefore not soluble in water •Functions of Lipids are:
•Cell Structure •phospholipids and cholesterol make-up each cell's plasma membrane
•Long-Term Energy Storage •triglycerides are stored in adipose or "fat" tissue
•Hormonal Regulation •steroid hormones regulate reproduction
•Organ Protection• fats surround organs and offer protection from wear and tear
•Insulation •fats fill the outer layers of the body to insulate us from cold temperatures
Fig. 5-4, p. 144
Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated
Point of unsaturation
Points of unsaturation
Fig. 5-9a, p. 151
Protein
Cholesterol
Phospholipid
Triglyceride
Higher densityLower density
LDL (more lipid, less protein)
HDL (Less lipid,
more protein)
Per
cen
t100
80
60
40
20
0
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