cap mission aircrew maj paul mondoux director of safety nh wing cap faasteam portland office cap...
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CAP Mission AircrewCAP Mission AircrewMaj Paul MondouxMaj Paul Mondoux
Director of Safety NH Wing Director of Safety NH Wing CAPCAP
FAASTeamFAASTeamPortland OfficePortland Office
Primary Responsibility: Pilot the aircraft in a safe and proficient manner, following all CAP and FAA rules and regulations
Second: Remember that you are a pilot, not a scanner The mission pilot is responsible for incorporating
Operational Risk Management and Crew Resource Management principles and practices into each mission.
MP Duties & MP Duties & ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities
In addition to these duties, the pilot must perform all the duties of the observer if no qualified observer is on board.
In addition to the duties of Pilot-in-Command:• Responsible for obtaining complete briefings and for
planning sorties• Thoroughly brief the aircrew before flight, including
a briefing on their responsibilities during all phases of the upcoming flight
• Obtain a proper flight release• Enforce sterile cockpit rules
MP Duties & MP Duties & ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities
Sterile cockpit rules; all unnecessary talk is suspended and collision avoidance becomes the priority of each crewmember. Sterile cockpit rules focus each crewmember on the duties at hand, namely concentrating on looking outside the aircraft for obstacles and other aircraft. The rules will always be used during the taxi, takeoff, departure, approach, and landing phases of flight; but the pilot or observer may declare these rules in effect whenever they are needed to minimize distractions.
Fly search patterns as completely and precisely as possible; report any deviations from the prescribed patterns during debriefing
Monitor the observer and ensure all events, sightings and reports are recorded and reported
Fill out all forms accurately, completely and legibly
MP Duties & MP Duties & ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities
Safety — Three Safety — Three RulesRules
NEVER sacrifice safety to save time Use established procedures and checklists You may have to deviate from common
procedures — if you do, use common sense and prudent judgment (see Rule #1)
The most dangerous part of a mission is driving to and from the airport or mission base!
Safety In/Around Safety In/Around AircraftAircraft
No smoking Keep clear Fire on the ground Moving and loading the aircraft Entry/Egress - normal and emergency Seat belts and shoulder harnesses
(<1,000’) Fuel management – you have an interest in
making sure you don’t run out of fuel. The pilot should brief the crew on how much fuel will be needed and where you’ll refuel, if necessary.
Flightline hand Flightline hand signalssignals
Outward motion with thumbsPULL CHOCKS
Inward motion with thumbsINSERT CHOCKS
Circle with handSTART ENGINE
Hands out making a pulling motionCOME AHEAD
Flightline hand Flightline hand signalssignals
Motion forward, pointing leftTURN LEFT
Thumb upALL CLEAR - O.K.
Downward motion with palmsSLOW DOWN
Motion forward, pointing rightTURN RIGHT
Flightline hand Flightline hand signalssignals
Hands crossed above headSTOP
Slash throat with fingerCUT ENGINE
Crossing hands over headEMERGENCY STOP
Taxi Taxi MishapsMishaps
Becoming a bigger problem each year (#1 trend in CAP)
Pilots are:• straying from designated taxi routes• not allowing adequate clearance and not
considering the tail and wings during turns• taxiing too fast for conditions and taxiing with
obscured visibility• distracted by cockpit duties• not using other crewmembers to ensure
clearance
Taxi Taxi MishapsMishaps
Strategies:• Thorough planning and preparation eliminates
distractions• Crew assignments for taxi• If within ten feet of an obstacle, stop, and then taxi
at a pace not to exceed a “slow walk” until clear• Do not follow other taxiing aircraft too closely (e.g.,
50 feet behind light aircraft; 100 feet behind small multi-engine and jet aircraft; 500 feet behind helicopters and heavies)
• Use proper tailwind/headwind/crosswind control inputs
• Treat taxiing with the seriousness it deserves• Sterile cockpit rules
TaxiTaxi
Collision avoidance! Follow CAPR 60-1 requirements for taxi operations. Read back taxi/hold-short.
Review crew assignments for taxi, takeoff, & departure
Sterile cockpit rules are now in effect Remind crew that most midair collisions
occur:• Daylight VFR• Within five miles of an airport (especially un-
controlled)• At or below 3000 AGL
Signal marshaller before taxi, test brakes
Safety during Safety during TaxiingTaxiing
Taxiing – all crewmembers assist the pilot• Prevent collisions with other aircraft and vehicles• Help the pilot find and stay on the taxiway (bad
weather, low visibility, night on an unlighted airport)
Be familiar with airport signs and markings
• Runway markings are white and taxiway markings are yellow
Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar airportsairports
Small, non-towered, unlighted airports• Runways• Taxiways• Obstacles• Services• Local NOTAMS
Larger, busy airports• Airspace and obstacles• Taxiways• Local NOTAMS
A/FD or Flight Guide (Airguide Publications, Inc.) Download airport diagrams (AOPA web site) Taxiing around a large number of aircraft at
mission base• Taxi plan• Marshallers• If it looks too close or dangerous – STOP!
Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar airportsairports
Airport Signs and Airport Signs and MarkingsMarkings
Follow the yellow lines
Stay behind thedashed lines
Need ATC permissionto cross the solid lines
Airport Signs and Airport Signs and MarkingsMarkings
Mandatory signs have a red background with a white inscription
May have a row of red stop bar lights embedded in the pavement.When illuminated, do not cross (even if given permission by ATC)
Location boundary signs have a yellow background with a black inscription
Visible from the runwayVisual clues to determine when you’re clear of the runway
Airport Signs and Airport Signs and MarkingsMarkings
Location signs have a black background with a yellow inscription
Direction signs have a yellow background with a black inscription
Use the Discrepancy Log, especially in unfamiliar aircraft
Don’t let ‘minor’ squawks linger:• Lights and bulbs• Radios and navaids
Keep aircraft windscreen and windows clean
SQUAWKSQUAWKSS
Unfamiliar aircraft Unfamiliar aircraft equipmentequipment
Audio Panel, FM Radio, DF, GPS – if you don’t know it, don’t fly it!
Even simple differences can matter:• If you’ve never flown an HSI, now isn’t the time to
learn it!• Sit in the aircraft and get up to speed• Get another pilot to tutor you
What does the equipment and gear in the baggage compartment weight? W&B.
Don’t try to bluff
Unfamiliar terrain and Unfamiliar terrain and weatherweather
Plan for terrain and weather:• Enroute• Area you’ll be operating in
Clothing, equipment and survival gear
Trainees & Inexperienced Trainees & Inexperienced CrewCrew
Trainees:• Extra time on briefing, duties & responsibilities• When not to interrupt (sterile cockpit)
Inexperienced crew (or not proficient):• Extra time on briefing• May have to assume some duties• Check 101T cards
Flight line marshallers may be cadets or seniors on their first mission
• Be alert and have your crew stay alert
Your attitude!Your attitude!
Having a positive mental attitude is Having a positive mental attitude is often the difference between life and often the difference between life and
death in a survival situation. Be death in a survival situation. Be mentally prepared to survive in the mentally prepared to survive in the
wilderness for the rest of your life, or wilderness for the rest of your life, or it might be the rest of your life!it might be the rest of your life!
PreparatiPreparation on
Carry a survival kit in the aircraft and be sure all crew members know what is in the kit and how to use it. Inspect contents periodically
Rhoda’s Rule states, “If you cannot walk from the end of the runway to the terminal without getting cold then you are not dressed properly!”
Consider the weather over the worst conditions you are flying over
Carry your cell phone (fully charged)
Emergency Emergency EgressEgress
Prior preparation is important. Follow the checklist to prop open doors, tighten seat and shoulder belts, secure cargo, and turn off the electricity and fuel.
If doors jam, kick them open or kick out the windows. May also exit through the baggage door.
Can’t move the front seats from the rear, so agree on who does what and in what sequence.
Discuss what to do if one or more of the crew is incapacitated.
Post-Crash Post-Crash ActionsActions
Get clear of the aircraft if there is any danger of fire or having it fall on you.
Treat yourself for shock by sipping water.
Check everyone for injuries and apply first aid.
Try your cell phone or radio. Activate the ELT.
Stay with the aircraft if in a remote area - we can find an aircraft but its easy to miss a survivor.
Finally, consider water, shelter and food (listed in order of importance -- you can go for days without food).
Survival Survival Equipment Equipment
Water is the most important resource - If in desert areas staying still during the heat of the day and working when it is cooler conserves water
Carry water or have purification tablets
Have a container for water and consider a metal cup for boiling (purification)
Survival Survival EquipmentEquipment
Signaling equipment is critical Some of the signals you might use
include…• Signal Mirrors (best method when the sun is out)• Flares• Tarps• Compact Disks (akin to the signal mirror)• Strobes• ELT • Smoke or other man-made signals
Survival Survival EquipmentEquipment
If you make your own signal, use the “CLASS” acronym:
• Color - Make it unusually colored• Location - Put it where it can be seen; best is
high and open• Angles - Because they do not occur in nature• Size - Make them visible from the air• Shape - Make them an eye-catching shape
Survival Survival EquipmentEquipment
Ensure all crewmembers know the location and operation of the Emergency Locator Transmitter
If possible, have a small survival manual in your equipment kit with suggestions on food gathering, shelter construction, and other survival techniques
Survival Survival EquipmentEquipment
You can also include…• A good knife• Fire starters and matches• A space blanket• A small first aid kit• Rations• Anything else that would make you stay more
comfortable
RememberRemember......
A little planning and a few pieces of equipment could be the difference between life and death! Prepare for the area and conditions you will operating in and update your survival kit seasonally. Finally, remember your most important tool is your WILL TO SURVIVE!
Urgent Urgent CareCare
About 60% of crash survivors are injured
Affect a prompt rescue• Don’t become the second victim
Do not move the victim unless necessary
Ensure the airway is open• Clear the airway• Rescue breathing
Check for pulse (CPR) Locate & control bleeding
• Use point pressure on the injury to stop bleeding
Treat for shock
Urgent Urgent CareCare
General Instructions Do not move a victim except for safety Do not let a victim get up and walk
around Protect the victim Use blankets as needed Do not discuss anyone’s condition with
bystanders or reporters Administer urgent care
• Determine injuries; get help• Know your limits• Good Samaritan Law
BiohazarBiohazardsds
Blood Borne Pathogens The hazards associated with exposure
to blood necessitate training for personnel who might be exposed to blood or body fluids
Included in Red Cross First Aid training now
Know the associated risk before you attempt to administer aid
Obtain and use protection kits
Operational Operational Risk Risk
ManagementManagement
Accomplish the mission with the least possible risk.
More than common sense, more than just a safety program.
Educated (informed) risk versus taking a gamble.
Part of the CAP culture.
ORM – Six ORM – Six StepsSteps
Identify the hazardsAssess the risksAnalyze risk control measuresMake control decisionsImplement risk controlsSupervise and review
ORM ORM PrinciplesPrinciples
Accept no unnecessary risks.Make risk decisions at the
appropriate level.Accept risk when the benefits
outweigh the costs.Integrate ORM into CAP practices,
procedures, and planning at all levels.
ORM and the ORM and the AircrewAircrew
Acknowledge risks in order to deal with them.
Each crewmember is responsible to look for risks.
Don’t ignore risks; if you can’t eliminate or reduce the risk, tell someone.
PIC has ultimate authority and responsibility to deal with risks during the sortie.
PIC has the responsibility to inform his or her crew of the risks involved, and to listen to and address their concerns.
Why Why CRM?CRM?
Properly trained aircrew members can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the team
An untrained team's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single member
We will cover behavior and attitudes of teamwork and communication among team members
The Error The Error ChainChain
. A series of event links that, when considered together, cause a mishap
Should any one of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur
It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain
Situational Awareness Situational Awareness (SA)(SA)
. Know what is going on around you at all times
Requires:• Good mental health• Good physical health• Attentiveness• Inquisitiveness
Loss of Loss of SASA
Strength of an Idea Hidden agenda Complacency Accommodation Sudden Loss of
Judgement
Symptoms of Loss Symptoms of Loss of SAof SA
Fixation Ambiguity Complacency Euphoria Confusion Distraction Overload
Hazardous Hazardous AttitudesAttitudes
Anti-authority Impulsiveness Invulnerability Macho Resignation Get There It-us
Regaining Regaining SASA
Reduce workload: Suspend the mission.
Reduce threats:•Get away from the ground and other
obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude). •Establish a stable flight profile where you
can safely analyze the situation. Remember: “Aviate, Navigate,
Communicate”
How do we get it How do we get it back?back?
Trust your gut feelings “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is
Stupid.”• Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe and stable
configuration, and then discuss the problem
Sterile Cockpit• Limit talk to the minimum necessary for safety.• Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level flying,
approach, landing
Barriers to Barriers to CommunicationCommunication
Hearing• The biological function of receiving sounds,
converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them
Listening• Correctly identifying what the sender has sent in
their message
Barriers to Barriers to CommunicationCommunication
Distracters•Physical/Mental: Noise, static, simultaneous
transmissions; fatigue and stress•Wording: Incomplete or ambiguous
message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology
•Personal: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility
Task Task SaturationSaturation
Too much information at one time Too many tasks to accomplish in a
given time
Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA
Task Task SaturationSaturation
Keep your workload to an acceptable level
If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing you situational awareness
Watch your team members for signs of saturation
SummarSummaryy
Pay close attention to all briefings Understand the “big picture” Watch for task overload in yourself
and other crewmembers 67% of air transport accidents occur
during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight.
Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain
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