can integrated agriculture-nutrition programs change gender norms on land and asset ownership?...

Can Integrated Agriculture-Nutrition Programs Change Gender Norms on

Land and Asset Ownership?

Evidence from Burkina Faso

World Bank Land and Poverty Conference 2014March 2014

Mara van den Bold | Research Analyst | Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division | IFPRIAbdoulaye Pedehombga | Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator for E-HFP | HKI Burkina FasoMarcellin Ouedraogo | Program Coordinator for E-HFP | HKI Burkina FasoDeanna Olney | Research Fellow | IFPRIAgnes Quisumbing | Senior Research Fellow | IFPRI

Overview

• Background to Helen Keller International’s Enhanced Homestead Food Production (E-HFP) program in Burkina Faso

• Motivation for research on gender

• Study design

• Impact of E-HFP program on key gender-relevant research questions

Context

Burkina Faso• Eastern region, Gourma Province

Sahel• Water shortages, inhibits having a second cultivation season

High prevalence of acute and chronic malnutrition• Food insecurity• Suboptimal maternal and child nutrition and health practices• Limited availability of and access to health services

Gourma province – April 2012Photo: Mara van den Bold

E-HFP program in Burkina Faso (1)

Objectives: 1) Improve women’s production of nutrient-rich foods + their health- and nutrition-related knowledge

and practices, to ultimately improve nutritional status of infants and young children

2) To increase women’s access to/control over assets: Provide women with gardening inputs and tools + chicks Work with communities to identify land for a garden at the village level (‘village model farms’), a

demonstration site where trainings take place

Improvements expected through three primary program impact pathways:

1. Increase production of MN-rich foods -> increase availability and consumption of MN-rich foods -> increase HH food security + child nutritional status

2. Income generation through sale of surplus HH production -> improve HH food security + child nutritional status

3. Increased knowledge and adoption of optimal nutritional practices including consumption of micronutrient-rich foods -> improve child nutritional status

Targeted to women with children between 3 and 12 months at baseline (2010)

Two primary program components:

• Agricultural component• HKI provided agricultural inputs and training to establish ‘village model farms’

(VMF) (training site) to grow micronutrient-rich foods year-round and raise small animals. Led by 4 ‘village farm leaders’.

• HKI provided participating women with agricultural inputs and encouraged them to set up their own home gardens and raise small animals based on what they learned at the VMF

• Behavior Change Communication (BCC) strategy• Focused on improving health- and nutrition-related knowledge with specific

emphasis on encouraging consumption of micronutrient-rich foods by women and young children.

• Encourage participants to carry out optimal nutrition and health-related practices and help them overcome barriers to adoption

E-HFP program in Burkina Faso (2)

Village Model Farm

HKI program in Gourma Province, Burkina FasoPhoto: Mara van den Bold

Women often primary caregivers influence their child’s nutrition. BUT women and men within a HH often do not have the same preferences for allocating resources. Women’s relationships with men in HH and community can affect their ability to direct HH resources to nutrition (Quisumbing 2003).

Increasing women’s control over assets (esp. financial/physical) has been shown to positively impact child nutrition, education, women’s own well-being (Quisumbing 2003; Smith et al. 2003).

Women generally disadvantaged as agricultural producers and in many contexts have less access to certain assets, therefore often targeted in programs.

Women’s empowerment interventions considered an important pathway through which agriculture can improve nutrition. BUT limited and mixed evidence on impacts of agricultural interventions on women’s control over / ownership of assets (as way to improve nutrition).

Motivation for research on gender

Study design

Longitudinal impact evaluation (baseline 2010, endline 2012)

Operations research (2011)

Qualitative research to examine gender related topics including ownership and control over agricultural assets (2012)

Impact evaluation

Cluster randomized design• 30 intervention villages (~1200 households and 120 village farm leaders (VFL))

o 15 “older women leader” villages (OWL)o 15 “health committee” villages (HC)

• 25 control villages (~800 households)

Longitudinal• Baseline Feb-Apr 2010 (target children 3-12 months of age)• Endline Feb-Apr 2012 (target children 21-40 months of age)

Household interview• Male HH head and female key respondent, including sex disaggregated modules on

asset ownership, agricultural production, income, household expenditures, knowledge on nutrition, household food security, dietary diversity, …

• Anthropometric measures and hemoglobin status of target children

Qualitative research

Operations Research (2011) GAAP* Qualitative Research (2012)

Random sample of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries

Beneficiaries: n=120Non-beneficiaries: n=60

Beneficiaries: n=145Non-beneficiaries: n=75

Purposive sample of key informants

VFL: n=60 OWL: n=30HC: n=30Master agriculture trainers: n=18 Master nutrition trainers: n=24

VFL: n=60OWL: n=30HC: n=30Land owners: n=30Focus groups: n=24 (6m; 6f)

Data collection May-June 2011May-June 2012

May-June 2011May-June 2012

Methods Semi-structured interviews Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions

*GAAP: Gender, Agriculture and Assets Project (www.gaap.ifpri.info) *HC: Health committee member*VFL: Village Farm Leader*OWL: Older Women Leader

Key gender-related questions

Key Questions Impact evaluation

Qualitative research

Analysis Status

How do women and men view ownership of assets? x On-going

Did the EHFP program increase women’s and men’s ownership of assets?

x Complete

Were women able to maintain control over the EHFP activities and outputs?

x x Complete

Did the land agreements and/or project activities influence community norms related to women’s land ownership or land rights?

x Complete

What trade-offs were women required to make in order to participate in the EHFP program?

x On-going

ResultsDid the EHFP program increase women’s and/or

men’s ownership of assets?

Ownership of assets: Household durables and agricultural assets

***

***

Note: Comparison is to a control group that did not receive any program services. All estimates controlled for baseline age, sex, clustering, and attrition. All values are coefficient (SE). *** p <0.01

Ownership of assets: small animals

Note: Comparison is to a control group that did not receive any program services. All estimates controlled for baseline age, sex, clustering, and attrition. All values are coefficient (SE). * *p<0.05, *** p <0.01

Were women able to maintain control over the E-HFP activities and outputs?

Control over EHFP activities and outputs: Gardens, vegetables, revenue

Operations research: Round 1 (2011) Operations research: Round 2 (2012)

Control over EHFP activities and outputs: Chickens

Operations research: Round 1 (2011) Operations research: Round 2 (2012)

Control over EHFP activities and outputs: Goats

Operations research: Round 1 (2011) Operations research: Round 2 (2012)

Did the land agreements and/or project activities influence community norms related

to women’s land ownership or land rights?

Community norms related to women’s land ownership and land rights: Land acquisition

Land for agricultural purposes is primarily obtained through inheritance and gifts.

In general, men obtain land through inheritance, women usually do not (considered ‘strangers’).

Women generally obtain land through marriage / widowhood or through gifts.

Community norms related to women’s land ownership and land rights: Obstacles to owning land

Respondents in both beneficiary villages (56%m-63%f) and non-beneficiary villages (46%m-51%f) reported obstacles to women’s ability to own land, mainly due to traditional / social barriers

The most commonly cited ways to improve women’s ability to own land were to: • Discontinue traditional customs and practices• Sensitize stakeholder’s about women’s ability to own land • Grant pieces of land to women

Respondents in both beneficiary villages (36%m-40%f) and non-beneficiary villages (24%m-36%f) reported obstacles to women’s ability to use land, mainly due to lack of inputs such as seeds, fertilizers or tools and lack of rainfall as well as traditional practices.

The most commonly cited ways to improve women’s ability to use land were to:• Provision of inputs• Sensitize stakeholder’s about women’s ability to own land • Grant pieces of land to women

Women MenIntervention villages Control

villagesIntervention villages Control

villages

HC OWL All Control HC OWL All Control n = 70 n = 75 n = 145 n = 75 n = 57 n = 58 n = 114 n = 60

Change in own opinion about who can own and/or use land for the production of fruits and vegetables

46 (66) 49 (68) 95 (67) 11 (16) 32 (56) 36 (62) 68 (60) 14 (23)

n = 56 n = 56 n = 112 n = 65 n = 46 n = 51 n = 97 n = 52Perceived changes in other people’s opinions about who can own and/or use land for the production of fruits and vegetables

24 (43) 31 (55) 55 (49) 8 (12) 21 (46) 24 (47) 45 (46) 5 (10)

n = 69 n = 67 n = 136 n = 73 n = 57 n = 59 n = 116 n = 60Perceived changes related to women’s ability to own land in the village

18 (26) 15 (22) 33 (24) 1 (1) 16 (28) 15 (25) 31 (27) 2 (3)

n = 68 n = 70 n = 138 n = 74 n = 55 n = 53 n = 108 n = 61Perceived changes related to women’s ability to use land for growing food in the village

29 (43) 32 (46) 61 (44) 3 (4) 27 (49) 21 (40) 48 (44) 1 (2)

Community norms related to women’s land ownership and land rights: Perceived changes by men and women on

women’s ability to own and use land

Trade-offs required for participation in the EHFP program

• Only 11% of beneficiaries (13/118) stated that taking care of the garden interferes with their other activities (e.g. outside work and domestic tasks).

• None of the beneficiary women interviewed thought that taking care of their chickens interfered with their other activities.

• 18% of women (16/89) stated that there were costs to working at the VMF including having to neglect their domestic work, taking care of their children, not being able to go to the market, and that it takes time to go and work at the VMF.

Summary

Key Question Summary

Did the EHFP program increase women’s ownership of assets?

Yes, the E-HFP program had a positive impact on women's ownership of agricultural assets and small livestock.

Did the EHFP program also influence men’s asset holdings?

Yes, the E-HFP program had a negative impact on men's ownership of agricultural assets which was about equal to the positive impact on women’s ownership of agricultural assets. The program had a positive impact on men’s ownership of small livestock which was larger than that for women.

Were women able to maintain control over the EHFP activities and outputs?

Yes, especially in regards to the garden activities. Vast majority of women were mainly responsible for decisions related to what to grow and were able to keep income generated from sale of produce.

Summary , cont’d

Key Question Summary

Did the land agreements and/or project activities influence community norms related to women’s land ownership or land rights?

Yes, in beneficiary villages some change was noted in people’s opinions about who could own and use land. Both men and women in beneficiary villages reported that women’s ability to own and use land had changed in the past two years. This was rarely reported in control villages.

What trade-offs were women required to make in order to participate in the EHFP program?

Only about 11% of respondents reported that taking care of their gardens affected their other activities. 18% said that working at the VMF had costs (e.g. time and neglect of domestic work).

Conclusions

Shifting patterns w/ regards to women’s ownership /control of assets btw 2010 and 2012

Shifts in decisionmaking power over gardens/animals/revenue could indicate positive impacts on e.g. food security, child nutrition, education, women’s own wellbeing

Changes in men + women’s opinions in intervention villages + in opinions of others about women’s ability to use and own land .

Changes occurred within a relatively short time frame; tradition remains but there are indications that in intervention villages people anticipate that traditions may change, and women’s access to land will increase.

Difficult to determine whether these types of changes are sustainable after program ends, especially when communities become more integrated in agricultural markets (higher value assets often held by men).

Failed to note significant impact of program on children’s growth (delay; sample size) may need complementary health interventions (CHANGE project)

Thank you

References

EXTRA SLIDES

Why pay attention to gender in leveraging agriculture for nutrition?

• “Women are important in agriculture, and agriculture is important for women” (Doss 2009; Meinzen-Dick et al. 2011)

• Women are generally disadvantaged as agricultural producers: limited access to physical assets (ag inputs, technological resources, land), lack of capacity to use assets, disadvantaged in terms of non-tangible assets e.g. social/human capital, decisionmaking power

• Women and men within HH often do not have the same preferences for allocating resources (Alderman et al. 1995; Hoddinott and Haddad 1995; Quisumbing and Maluccio 2003; Quisumbing 2003)

• Increasing women’s control over assets (esp. financial/physical) has been shown to positively impact food security, child nutrition, education, women’s own well-being (Quisumbing 2003; Smith et al. 2003; World Bank 2001); gender differences in bargaining power over HH resources matter.

Agriculture—gender—nutrition pathways

Arimond et al. (2010) identified 5 pathways through which agriculture interventions can affect nutrition:

i) Increased food for own consumption through production*ii) Increased income through production for sale in markets*iii) Reductions in market prices (increased production)iv) Shifts in consumer preferencesv) Shifts in control of resources within households*

Limited evidence of the impact of agricultural interventions on nutrition outcomes (except for Vitamin A); hardly any evidence on impact pathways (Ruel and Alderman 2013).

Women’s empowerment interventions considered an important pathway through which agriculture can improve nutrition. But limited and mixed evidence (Ruel and Alderman 2013; van den Bold et al. 2013).

All mediated by gender roles, especially (*)

33

Undernutrition exists when insufficient food intake and repeated infections result in one or more of the following: underweight for age, short for age (stunted), thin for height (wasted), and functionally deficient in vitamins and/or minerals (micronutrient malnutrition).

Malnutrition is a broad term that refers to all forms of poor nutrition. Malnutrition is caused by a complex array of factors including dietary inadequacy (deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in energy, protein and micronutrients), infections and socio-cultural factors. Malnutrition includes undernutrition as well as overweight and obesity (Shakir, 2006a).

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Household food security is the application of this concept to the family level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern (FAO, 2009b).

Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical, social or economic access to food as defined above (FAO, 2009b).

SCN 6th World Nutrition Situation Report. www.unscn.org/files/Publications/RWNS6/report/chapter4.pdf

Definitions of Key Terms

Did exposure to nutrition education diffused through village health committee members (HC) increase knowledge and uptake of new practices as compared

to that diffused through older women leaders (OWL) or vice versa?

Impact of the EHFP program on nutrition knowledge: IYCF practices

Give breast milk within the first hour after

birth

Give colostrum to

children

Children < 6 months of age

should not drink any liquids other than breast milk

Begin giving liquids other

than breast milk at 6 months of

age

Begin giving semi-solid foods at 6

months of age

N=1,138 N=1,144 N=1,129 N=1,142 N=1,149OWL villages 0.16*** 0.092*** 0.23** 0.13** 0.13**

(0.054) (0.029) (0.094) (0.063) (0.055)

HC villages 0.17*** 0.080*** 0.23*** 0.19*** 0.17***

(0.052) (0.029) (0.078) (0.059) (0.059)p-value 0.006 0.009 0.006 0.007 0.011

Impact of the EHFP program on IYCF practices: Dietary diversity among children 3-12 months of age at baseline

Met minimum

dietary diversity requirement

n=691

Older women leaders 0.12*

(0.070)Health committee 0.098

(0.077)p-value 0.14

Note: Comparison is to a control group that did not receive any program services. All estimates controlled for baseline age, sex, clustering, and attrition. All values are coefficient (SE). * p<0.10

Impact of the EHFP program on infant and young child feeding practices: Intake of iron-rich foods among children 3-12 months of age at baseline

Iron-rich foods

n=662

Older women leaders 0.15**

(0.072)Health committee 0.023

(0.090)p-value 0.13

Note: Comparison is to a control group that did not receive any program services. All estimates controlled for baseline age, sex, clustering, and attrition. All values are coefficient (SE). * *p<0.05

Impact of the EHFP program on nutritional status of children: Hemoglobin among children 3-12

months of age at baseline

Hemoglobin(g/dL)

n=1144Older women leaders 0.24

(0.31)Health committee 0.49*

(0.27)p-value 0.19

Note: Comparison is to a control group that did not receive any program services. All estimates controlled for baseline age, sex, clustering, and attrition. All values are coefficient (SE). * p<0.10

Change in hemoglobin from baseline to endline among children 3-5.9 months of age at baseline

Hemoglobin(g/dL)

n=449Older women leaders 0.044

(0.32)Health committee 0.76**

(0.30)p-value 0.043Note: Comparison is to a control group that did not receive any program services. All estimates controlled for baseline age, sex, clustering, and attrition. All values are coefficient (SE). * *p<0.05

Impact of the EHFP program on health-related knowledge: Hand-washing practices

**

Note: Comparison is to a control group that did not receive any program services. Estimates controlled for baseline age, sex, clustering, and attrition. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p<0.01

Impact of the EHFP program on IYCF practices: Breastfeeding practices among children 3-12 months of age at endline

**

Note: Comparison is to a control group that did not receive any program services. Estimates controlled for baseline age, sex, clustering, and attrition. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p<0.01

Impact of the EHFP program on nutritional status of children: HAZ among children 3-12 months of

age at baseline

Impact of the E-HFP program on nutritional status of children: Wasting among children 3-12 months of age at baseline

Program theory framework for HKI’s HFP program in Burkina Faso

HKI, APRG and governmental

structures (Ministries of

Health, Agriculture,

Animals, Environment, and the Promotion of

Women, local authorities and officials) work

together

Village Model Farms (VMF)

established

Improvements in small

ruminant and poultry

production

Improvements in fruit and vegetable

production

Training in plant and animal

production techniques for

master trainers

BCC training on ENA

practices for village health

workers (VHW)

Training in plant and animal

production techniques for beneficiaries

BCC training on ENA

practices for beneficiaries

Establishment of individual

farms (40 women per

village)

Improvements in household

consumption

Increased Income

Improved maternal and child health and nutrition

outcomes

Beneficiaries received and understood

BCC training on ENA practices

Improvements in nutrition and

feeding practices for children,

pregnant women and breastfeeding

mothers

Outcomes

Adoption of agriculture practices

Develop a training strategy in animal;

and plant production techniques

BCC training on ENA

practices for master trainers

Women’s empowerment

improved

Women’s assets increased

Increased availability of micronutrient

-rich fruits and

vegetables

Impact Inputs Process Outputs

Agriculture and zoological inputs

distributed

Develop a behavior change communication (BCC) strategy with regards to

Essential Nutrition Actions

(ENA)

Training in plant and animal

production techniques for Village Farm

Leaders (VFL)

Adoption of ENA

practices by beneficiaries

Improvements in care & hygiene

practices for children, pregnant

women and breastfeeding

mothers

Beneficiaries received and understood agriculture

training

Increased availability of

food from animal origin

Map of study area

Impact Evaluation Intervention villages HC villages OWL villages Control

villagesTotal

Number of villages 15a 15 25 55Number of households Baseline (2010) Household interview 511 512 734 1,757 Endline (2012) Household interview 436 444 590 1,470

Qualitative Research Intervention villages HC villages OWL villages Control

villagesTotal

Number of villages 14a 15 15 44Number of households First round (2011) Basic semistructured interviews 70 75 75 220 In-depth semistructured interviews 28 30 30 88 Second round (2012) Semistructured interviews 70 75 75 220

Table 3.1 Overview of methods and participants from health committee and older women leader intervention villages and control villages

Note: HC = health committee; OWL = older women leader.a One village from the HC intervention group dropped out of the program and study before the first round of qualitative research, resulting in a total of 14 villages for the first and second rounds of qualitative research and for the endline survey for the impact evaluation.