campus lead testing
Post on 01-Jan-2016
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ByKim Fulford
Matthew Emery
Ancients • They regarded lead as the father of all metals, so they associated
Saturn with the metal.• “Saturnine“ applies to an individual whose temperament has
become gloomy, cynical, and taciturn as the results of lead intoxication.
Lead used in:• face powders, rouges, and mascaras• the pigment in many paints
"crazy as a painter" was an ancient catch phrase rooted in the demented behavior of lead-poisoned painters
• a spermicide for informal birth control• a sweet and sour condiment popular for seasoning food• a wine preservative perfect for stopping fermentation or disguising
inferior vintages
"plumbing" comes from the Latin word for lead, plumbum.
References to lead all throughout history Earliest recording of lead is found in Exodus
Bronze Age brought many more documentations of lead use; original lead artifacts have been discovered also
Roman’s used lead for underground pipe work; the Roman symbol can still be found today
They found lead to be a very versatile metal; was very durable and malleable
As time went on, leads usage decreased.
Hippocrates found that human children and adults were getting sick; it was he who realized the sickness was from the negative effects from working around lead fumes.
Introduced the “first” air filtering system using a pig bladder.
Illness seemed to follow exposure to lead, so by the mid 1800’s they started to decrease the use of lead in certain products that humans would come in contact with.
29 CFR 1910.1025• 1910.1025(c)(1) The employer shall assure that no
employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than fifty micrograms per cubic meter of air (50 ug/m(3)) averaged over an 8-hour period.1910.1025(c)(2) If an employee is exposed to lead for more than 8 hours in any work day, the permissible exposure limit, as a time weighted average (TWA) for that day, shall be reduced according to the following formula:
Maximum permissible limit (in ug/m(3))=400 divided by hours worked in the day.
Table 3: Standards and Regulations for Lead
Agency Media Level Comments
CDC Blood 10 µg/dLAdvisory; level for individual management
OSHA Blood40 µg/dL60 µg/dL
Regulation; cause for written notification and medical examRegulation; cause for medical removal from exposure
ACGIH Blood 30 µg/dL
Advisory; indicates exposure at the threshold limit value (TLV)
OSHA Air (workplace)50 µg/m3
30 µg/m3
Regulation; PEL (8-hr average.) (general industry)Action level
Table 3: Standards and Regulations for Lead
Agency Media Level Comments
CDC/NIOSH Air (workplace) 100 µg/m3 REL (non-enforceable)
ACGIH Air (workplace)150 µg/m3
50 µg/m3
TLV/TWA guideline for lead arsenateTLV/TWA guideline for other forms of lead
EPA Air (ambient) 1.5 µg/m3 Regulation; NAAQS; 3-month average
EPA Soil (residential)400 ppm (play areas)1200 ppm(non play areas)
Soil screening guidance level; requirement for federally funded projects only (40 CFR Part 745, 2001)
EPA Water (drinking)15 µg/L0 µg/L
Action level for public suppliesNon-enforceable goal; MCLG
FDA Food Various
Action levels for various foods; example: lead-soldered food cans now banned
CPSC Paint 600 ppm (0.06%)
Regulation; by dry weight. There is a new standard for lead in children’s jewelry.
Main exposure pathways:• Inhalation, ingestion, and absorption
OSHA PEL - .05 mg/m3
NIOSH REL and PEL match OSHA
IDLH - 100 mg/m3
Due to the many health concerns, many companies will prohibit women from working in conditions that have a high risk of lead exposure during childbearing years; men are not wholly excluded from this
They do this for the protection of children that might be born to these women
Target Organs and other health effects that can occur:• Kidneys • Nervous system • Anemia• high blood pressure• impotence, infertility, and reduced sex drive• Lead poisoning• Neurological effects• Mental retardation have occurred in the children
of workers engaged in the occupations where there is lead exposure
In the past, lead was used for the following:
Paint Plumbing Preservatives Gasoline Bullets
Determine if there is any lead in campus daycare toys
Determine the amount of lead in paint if there is any
Picked two locations to perform test• Knee High Day Care and Campus View
Apartments Day Care
Contacted both and set up times to inspect toys
Set up area to perform test
Selected toys to be tested
Tested toys and analyzed data
OSHA Tech Manual • Sec. I “The Use of Surface Contamination
Sampling in Evaluating Safety and Health Programs” 29 CFR 1910.132 requires the assessment of the
[day care] to determine if it is likely to have [lead] present… Controlled Work Area Requiring PPE Controlled Work Area Requiring Special Cleaning Non-controlled Work Area [no PPE required]
It was determined that Day Care’s are:• Non-controlled Work Areas• Meaning that there is no reason to believe
that there would be an exposure to lead or significant contamination
Instant Lead Testing Swabs
Ghost Wipe Patches
XFR
1. Squeeze the swab to crush the front glass vial inside.
2. Squeeze the swab to crush the rear glass vial inside.
3. Shake the swab to mix the reagents.
4. While squeezing the swab, rub the surface to be tested for approximately 30 seconds. Within one minute, the swab will turn color if the contaminant is present.
One wipes the surface that is desired to be tested and then sends sample to the lab for further analysis of the contents absorbed.
Uses a radiation source to detect any lead in a 1’x 1’ surface section. It has the capabilities to accurately detect up to six layers . Measures in mg/cm2
Each room with toys was thoroughly looked in and each type of toy was examined and set aside as suspect or not.• Suspect determined by
Age of the toy List from EPA Makeup of the toy
The XRF was then used and if any reading of lead came up then a second and third test was run with the XRF. These were averaged together.
After XRF confirmed, the wipe and instant lead test was used. Any positive readings from these tools and the toy is asked to be removed.
The toy is then taken back and sent to a lab if needed
Exterior paint was shown to have very high concentration of lead; however, there is NO RISK of exposure. The house has been fully re-sided
A stool was found to have small traces of lead
Certain paint brush handles were found to have small traces of lead
Little wooden toys had traces of lead
The little wooden stool with traces of lead needs to be sanded down and repainted
Little wooden toys with half the allowed concentration should be taken out and replaced
Remediation of the outside of Day Care
• Has recently been fully re-sided; no way for there to be any exposure to the children as the main play area is well away from the house
Day Care Administration has been through their toys and removed any that may be suspect already. Continued monitoring by staff and others should be on going especially when new toys are introduced.
One day care had a child that tested very high for lead in their system. It is thought to come from the home not the day care.
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