cambodia
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Heather AllisonSpring 2010
Cambodia
Quick Facts•Population: 14,562,00•Capital: Phnom Penh•Size: 69, 898 sq. miles•Language: Khmer •Religion: 90% Theravada Buddhism, Muslim, Christianity•Ethnic Groups: 96% Ethnic Khmer, Chan-Malays, Vietnamese, Chinese
GDP: $11,250 Billion $823 per CapitaCurrency: Riel $1 U.S. = 4,139.51 RielsPopulation below Poverty ($1 a day): 1/3
90.5% rural areas7.2% urban areas2.3% Phnom Penh
Population Make-up: 80% live in rural areasExports: Rice, fish, timber, garments & rubber
Tourist industryPolitical Make-up: Constitutional Monarchy
Prime Minister and Parliament
Quick Facts
Child Mortality Rates are the highest in the region90 children out of 1,000 die under the age of 568 out of 1,000 die as infants
Life Expectancy: 61 years of ageHIV rate 15-49: 1.6%
Quick Facts
Angkor / Pre-French
Education done in watsEducation used to bring about loyalty and
serve as a foundation for survival
History
1863 – French TreatyLittle done with educationEstablishment of some Khmer-Franco schoolsModernized temple schools
1942 – Japan and World War IIDifferent push for education
1945 – Declared independence from France
History
1952 – Education Boom by Prince Sihanouk“Cambodianization”
More facilitiesPush French educational systemPush secondary educationTertiary level expanded
Problems with “Cambodianization”Moved too far from traditionsNot economically affordableSystem did not meet the needs of the countryFrench education was opening the minds
1953 – Declared complete independence from France1970 – Deposed of Prince Sihanouk
History
March 1970 – Lon Nol electedKhmerization
Change back to KhmerCreate skilled and qualified workforceBalance among education levels
Civil WarHalf of the country under guerrilla Communist
controlEducation was just not happening.
History
April 17, 1975 – Democratic Kampuchea / Khmer Rough march into Phnom PenhNew Constitution
Everyone equal / Everyone worksPol Pot’s Educational Thoughts
Knowledge of letters and numbers are needed for technology
You have to practice with the technologyLearning could only occur by cultivating
political consciousnessOfficial contempt for education
History
March 1979 – Vietnam InvasionSchools started openingNew system based on Vietnam’s system
Socialism1989 – Constitution amended
Go back to Cambodian traditions and away from Communist ideals
September 1989 – Complete withdrawal of Vietnamese troops
History
1993 – Elections heldPrime Minister electedPrince Sihanouk asked to be king again
Government led policies in placeRestoration of buildingsTextbooksTeacher trainingImprovements on exams
1996 – National Curriculum put into placeMinistry of Education, Youth, and Sports
established
History
Literacy Rate: 76% of 15 and olderPrimary School Enrollment: 89%Pupil Teacher Ration: 51Students who go from primary to secondary: 79%1.6 Million children do not attend school full timePercentage of students who do not have access to
secondary education: 89SafetyTransportationGirls needed at homeCannot afford the education
Education
Pre-School – not compulsory3 years10.6% enrolled
Primary Education – compulsory for ages 6 – 1190% enrolled but some areas only 40%
Secondary EducationLower Secondary – compulsory for ages 12 –
1422.9% enrolled
Upper Secondary – not compulsory3 years11.6% enrolled
Education
National CurriculumSchools, local communities, community groups,
NGOs and private education providers are expected to develop programs to enrich the curriculum.
Education for All National Plan 2003-2015Equitable access to basic educationHigh Quality upper secondary provisionsPro-poor financing policyEfficient management of resourcesAccountability through development standards
Education Curriculum
Khmer language and literatureMathScience (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and
Earth and Environmental Studies)Social Studies (History, Geography, Home
economics, Art Education, Morals and Civics)Foreign LanguageHealth, PE, and SportLocal Life Skills Program
Curriculum - Grades 1 - 10
CompulsoryKhmerPE/Health/SportForeign
LanguageEnglishFrench
MathBasicAdvanced
Curriculum – Grades 11 and 12
Curriculum – Grades 11 and 12Electives
Sciences Physics Chemistry Biology Earth and
Environmental Studies
Social Studies Moral/Civics History Geography Economics
EVEP (Elective Vocational Education Program)
ICT/Technology Accounting/Business
management Local Vocational
Technology Subjects Tourism Art Education
Students who choose basic Math have 4 electives
Students who choose advanced Math have 3 electives
Study same subjects both years
Is acknowledged in National CurriculumLimited number of special education schools
ran by charitable organizationsLittle to no support for students and teachers
in the mainstream
Special Education
16% of GDP12.4% of Government budgetAlmost have more money donated than given
by governmentSpending not equitable among levels,
programs, or areasParents donating have some control
Funding
Teacher training colleges train primary and secondary2 year program
12 total years of educationTeach upper secondary
1 year post graduate program at the Faculty of Pedagogy
Training focuses on academic upgrading not methodology or in-school teaching practices
Teacher Programs
Tertiary level – 2-3 yearsBachelor’s – 4 yearsMedicine and Dentistry – 7 years9 public higher ed institutions15 offer technical and professional trainingCompetitiveSchools give own test There are no set curriculums or financial
management regulations
Higher Education
Teachers Instructed by National Curriculum to be more student centered
but lack the skills Lack teaching material No support Large class size Double shift classes Student – Teacher contact is low High absentee from teachers Teachers are not qualified Salaries are low Poor working conditions Socioeconomic and professional status is low Few incentives Corruption in charging students
Educational Issues
GenderWomen are considered lower statusWomen’s role is household managerGirls carry out more income generating activitiesSocial ideals that males have more intelligenceLack employment opportunitiesSafety concerns
Physical NeedsShortage of school buildingsShortage of core teaching materials Instructional hours needed inadequateCurriculum not implementedNo desks, chalkboards, walls, roofs, toilets
Educational Issues
What can we learn from Cambodia’s history relating to education?
What will it take for Cambodia’s educational system to really be effective or is it even possible?
Can we use anything from Cambodia’s current educational mindset?
Questions
Ayres, D.M. (2000). Anatomy of a Crisis. University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu.
Cambodia Cultural Profile http://www.culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-28.html
Cambodia’s Leading Independent Development Policy Research Institute. www.cdri.org.kh/webdata/download/wp/wp10e.pdf
Chandler, D. (2008). A History of Cambodia. Westview: Philadelphia.UNESCO Institute for Statistics
http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4060&BR_Region=40515
UNESCO International Bureau of Education. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/Countries/WDE/2006/ASIA_and_the_PACIFIC/Cambodia/Cambodia.pdf
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. http://www.moeys.gov.kh/ UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_2190.html
References
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