california roundtable may 23, 2005 sacramento, california donna perala city of san jose single...
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California RoundtableMay 23, 2005
Sacramento, California
Donna PeralaCity of San Jose
Single Stream & Beyond
• 11th Largest City in US
• 945,000 Residents
• 200,000 SFD Households
• 3,200 MFD Complexes
• 90,000 MFD HouseholdsCitywide Diversion (preliminary) for 2003: 59%
A Little About San Jose . . .
Residential Service Districts
Norcal of San Jose (80% of City)
GreenTeam of San Jose(20% of City)
District A
District C
District B
Yard Trimmings CollectionGreen Waste Recovery - A B
Norcal - C
Multi-FamilyCity Wide CollectionGreen Team of San Jose
San Jose Materials
• Glass
• Mixed paper
• Newspaper
• Mixed plastics
• Metal cans
• Scrap metal
• Cardboard
• Polystyrene
• Plastic bags
• Aseptic packaging
• Textiles
• Service is meeting performance standards– Missed collections at minimal levels– Routes completed by required times– Other services completed on time
• Haulers have identified problems with contamination in some areas of the City
– Pay-as-you-throw system can encourage residents to put extra garbage in recycling cart
– 96-gallon recycling cart may provide contamination opportunities
This Past Year . . .
4-Sort System vs. Single Stream Comparisons(SFD Tons)
4 - Sort Startup Year 2 % ChangeFY01-02 FY02-03 FY03-04 FY01-02 to 03-04
Garbage 176,659 167,558 162,939 -7.8%
Recycling 86,172 110,915 107,815 25.1%
Residue 6,749 33,262 16,614 146.2%
SFD Diversion 30.2% 27.9% 33.7% 11.5%
Total Diversionw/ MFD & YT 45.0% 43.9% 49.5% 10.0%
San Jose’s Single Stream Challenges
• Trade-off for collection efficiencies and convenience = higher contamination
• Some Rejected Paper Shipments
• Highest and Best Use goals compromised
San Jose’s Single Stream Challenges
• Outreach and education to targeted audiences more critical than ever
• Business model challenges & opportunities
Business Model Case Studies
Business Model #1
• Collection contractor owns and operates MRF
Business Model #2
• Collection contractor subcontracts processing
Business Model #1
Owner Operated
Contractor has incentive to maximize diversion because:
Gets contract extension ($$$) if meets 35% diversion requirement
Receives bonus payment if achieves over 40% diversion
Stays within Permit and avoids solid waste fees if under 10% residual
Business Model #1 (cont’d.)
Owner Operated
Contractor pays $35 / ton to dispose of residual
Contractor motivated to invest in new processing technology and even pay to divert material
03-04 Average Residue: 7.6%
03-04 SFD Diversion: 41.6%
Business Model #1 (cont’d.)
Owner Operated
Innovations include:
MFD Compostable Pilot introduced in 2003 to meet 35% MFD diversion requirement
Installed optical plastic sorter last year
Plans to install optical paper sorters to clean up loads
Pays to recycle hard-to-market commodities
Business Model #2
Processing Subcontracted
Subcontractor has minimal incentive to maximize diversion because:
No direct relationship with the City, so not involved in many contract issues
Hauler, not processor, would receive bonus payment if Sub achieves over 40% diversion
Sub now has Solid Waste Facility Permit so no LEA problems if over 10% residual
Business Model #2 (cont.d)
Processing Subcontracted
Subcontractor does NOT pay for disposal of residual
Subcontractor has minimal incentive to invest in new processing technology or look for innovative ways to divert material
03-04 Average Residue: 17.3%
03-04 Diversion: 31.6%
Solutions tried so far….
Outreach• Over $2M spent on transition outreach• Over $350,000 / year spent on on-going
outreach • Annual hauler outreach requirements• Door-to-door outreach in 2003, visiting
2,000 households in targeted areas
Solutions tried so far….
Enforcement
• An average of 360 Non-Collection Notices per month are issued by haulers
• Cart upsize policy in place, but emphasizing outreach and education first
What Have We Learned?
• Contract incentives help make Single Stream work
- take great care when reviewing terms of any subcontracts
- take great care to maintain control of materials stream
What Have We Learned?
• Outreach and education play a vital role in transitioning to Single Stream and beyond
• Consider offering a 64-gallon recycling cart as default size rather than a 96!
Is It Worth It?
All-in-all …..
Single Stream is still worth the trade-offs• Fewer worker injuries; reduced labor costs• Participation and diversion have increased• Tonnages of recyclable materials collected have
increased• Updated technology and on-going education will
help address quality issues
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