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Backyard Apple & PearDisease, Pest, and Cultural Practices
CalendarNicole W Gauthier, Extension Plant Pathologist; Kimberly Leonberger, Plant Pathology Extension Associate;
Ric Bessin, Extension Entomologist; and John Strang & Shawn Wright, Extension Horticulturists
ResistanceA healthy orchard begins with planning. Disease-resistant cultivars can reduce the need for many fungicide and bactericide applications. Growers should focus on cultivars that are resistant to the most devastating apple diseases in their area. Fire blight and cedar apple rust are often the most challenging apple diseases in Kentucky. Refer to Table 1 in ID-21 (page 2) for a listing of disease-resistant apple cultivars.
Introduction Backyard apple production requires a proactive approach to disease, insect, and weed management. Preventative practices are recommended to minimize inputs. While intensive culture may result in the highest quality fruit, reduced inputs can result in acceptable fruit with minor crop losses or aesthetic maladies. This guide focuses on preventative cultural practices with options of low-input pesticide applications. Refer to the homeowner fruit spray guide (ID-21) for a more complete pesticide spray schedule.
Cultural PracticesCultural practices should always be considered when planning, planting, and maintaining a backyard orchard. Some practices keep plants healthy and assure the lowest risk for disease outbreaks or insect infestations. Other practices eliminate and eradicate sources for fungal and bacterial pathogens or insects, thereby reducing risk for disease or infestation. Combine cultural practices with a pesticide preventative program or use them alone for a no-spray alternative.
� A well-drained site located in full sun is required. � Maintain plant vigor by watering during drought, mulching to regulate soil moisture and temperature, and amending soil nutrients according to soil tests. � Minimize insect and wildlife damage. � Prune to open canopy and increase air circulation. � Utilize specific cultural practices listed in the table to eliminate disease-causing pathogens or insects and reduce risks for infections/infestation. � Bagging developing apples when 3/4 inch in size is an effective way of managing pests without spraying. Use the method outlined in EntFacts-218 (bagging apples); remove bags 3 weeks prior to harvest so fruit will color properly.
PPFS-FR-T-21
Weed ManagementCultural practices, such as mowing, mulching, and applying landscape fabric, are the primary methods for weed management. These will be cost-effective for backyard growers while also providing the proper environment for tree growth. Mulch/landscape fabric reduces vegetation that can harbor pests and diseases or compete with trees for water and nutrients. If landscape fabric is used, it should be removed during winter to reduce vole hiding places. There are few organic herbicides labeled for use, and these may not be economical for growers with just a few trees. Herbicides that can be used include pelargonic acid (OMRI-approved contact herbicide) and glyphosate (a systemic herbicide); neither of these herbicides provide residual weed control. Herbicides, in combination with mulch during summer, will improve weed control beneath trees and help prevent mower damage to trunks. Herbicide applications should be made with low spray pressure to avoid drift and precautions should be taken to avoid contact with tree trunks, leaves, and fruit. Check labels for full use information and pre-harvest intervals.
Agriculture & Natural Resources • Family & Consumer Sciences • 4-H/Youth Development • Community & Economic Development
Targ
et
Dise
ase/
Inse
ctCu
ltura
l Man
agem
ent
Targ
et D
isea
seM
anag
emen
t2Ta
rget
Inse
ctM
anag
emen
t2
Fire
blig
htCo
pper
*
Fire
blig
htCo
pper
*
Ceda
r-ap
ple
rust
Imm
unox
or M
anco
zeb
Scab
Capt
an o
r Man
coze
b or
Li
me
sulfu
r3 * o
r Su
lfur*
or S
ulfo
rix
Ceda
r-ap
ple
rust
Imm
unox
or M
anco
zeb
Scab
Capt
an o
r Im
mun
ox o
r M
anco
zeb
or S
ulfu
r3,4 *
Ceda
r-ap
ple
rust
Imm
unox
or
Man
coze
bSc
abCa
ptan
or I
mm
unox
or
Man
coze
b or
Sul
fur3 *
Frui
t rot
s/sp
ots
Capt
an o
r Man
coze
bSa
n Jo
se sc
ale
Hort
icul
tura
l oil*
San
Jose
scal
eAp
hids
Inse
ct e
ggs
Dorm
ant o
il*
Codl
ing
mot
hO
rient
al fr
uit
mot
hPl
um c
urcu
lio
Mal
athi
on
Aphi
dsLe
afho
pper
sM
alat
hion
Cultu
ral P
ract
ices
Dise
ase
Inse
ctTi
me
of
Year
1Gr
owth
Sta
geFe
brua
ry/
Early
Mar
chDo
rman
t(b
efor
e bu
ds sw
ell)
Fire
blig
htFr
uit r
ots/
spot
sSc
ab
In
sect
/mite
Prun
e ca
nker
s and
dea
d, d
ying
an
d di
seas
ed w
ood;
Pru
ne to
al
low
for i
ncre
ased
air
mov
emen
t, to
spee
d dr
ying
, an
d al
low
for t
horo
ugh
spra
y co
vera
ge; R
emov
e fr
uit
mum
mie
s; P
lant
resis
tant
cu
ltiva
rs.
Late
Mar
chGr
een
tip to
hal
f-in
ch g
reen
(1/2
inc
h of
gre
en
buds
are
visi
ble)
Fire
blig
htSc
abRe
mov
e al
tern
ate
host
s.
Pink
(ju
st b
efor
e bl
oom
s op
en)
Ceda
r-ap
ple
rust
Scab
Ro
sy a
pple
aph
id
Prun
e an
d de
stro
y ce
dar
appl
es fo
und
on o
rnam
enta
l ju
nipe
rs a
nd c
edar
s; R
emov
e ne
w le
af g
row
th th
at is
tigh
tly
curle
d.
Mid
-Apr
il/Ea
rly M
ayBl
oom
(20-
60%
of
blos
som
s are
ope
n)
Ceda
r-ap
ple
rust
Scab
Fire
blig
ht
Rem
ove
alte
rnat
e ho
sts.
Sc
abCo
pper
* or
Imm
unox
or
Man
coze
b or
Lim
e su
lfur3 *
or S
ulfu
r* o
r Su
lforix
Do N
ot U
se In
sect
icid
es D
urin
g Bl
oom
May
Afte
r pet
als f
all
Ceda
r-ap
ple
rust
Scab
Frui
t rot
s/sp
ots
Aphi
ds
Codl
ing
mot
h
Pl
um c
urcu
lio
Thin
den
se fr
uit c
lust
ers b
y ha
nd; B
ag d
evel
opin
g fr
uit
whe
n th
ey a
re 3
/4 in
ch in
size
; Re
mov
e fr
uit w
ith c
resc
ent
shap
ed sc
ars.
Late
M
arch
/M
id-A
pril
Usi
ng t
he Ta
ble
The
follo
win
g ta
ble
focu
ses
on c
ultu
ral p
racti
ces
as a
mea
ns fo
r el
imin
ating
or
redu
cing
risk
for
tree
and
frui
t dise
ases
and
inse
cts.
Cul
tura
l pra
ctice
s sh
ould
be
cons
ider
ed fo
r eac
h pl
ant g
row
th st
age,
and
sho
uld
be u
tilize
d re
gard
less
of p
estic
ide
prog
ram
s. F
ungi
cide
s an
d in
secti
cide
s ar
e lis
ted
in th
e rig
ht h
and
colu
mns
with
targ
et p
atho
gens
or i
nsec
ts. A
lway
s re
ad a
nd fo
llow
labe
l ins
truc
tions
whe
n us
ing
pesti
cide
s, in
clud
ing
pre-
harv
est i
nter
vals.
O
rgan
ic p
rodu
cts (
OM
RI-a
ppro
ved)
are
mar
ked
with
an
aste
risk
(*).
Org
anic
fung
icid
es a
re g
ener
ally
less
effe
ctive
for m
anag
ing
dise
ases
than
synt
hetic
pr
oduc
ts. B
aggi
ng is
the
mos
t effe
ctive
cul
tura
l pra
ctice
for m
anag
ing
dise
ases
and
inse
cts o
n ap
ple
frui
t.
Targ
et
Dise
ase/
Inse
ctCu
ltura
l Man
agem
ent
Targ
et D
isea
seM
anag
emen
t2Ta
rget
Inse
ctM
anag
emen
t2
Cultu
ral P
ract
ices
Dise
ase
Inse
ctTi
me
of
Year
1Gr
owth
Sta
geFe
brua
ry/
Early
Mar
chDo
rman
t(b
efor
e bu
ds sw
ell)
Fire
blig
htFr
uit r
ots/
spot
sSc
ab
In
sect
/mite
Prun
e ca
nker
s and
dea
d, d
ying
an
d di
seas
ed w
ood;
Pru
ne to
al
low
for i
ncre
ased
air
mov
emen
t, to
spee
d dr
ying
, an
d al
low
for t
horo
ugh
spra
y co
vera
ge; R
emov
e fr
uit
mum
mie
s; P
lant
resis
tant
cu
ltiva
rs.
Frui
t rot
s/sp
ots
Capt
an o
r Man
coze
bAl
tern
ate
Mal
athi
on
and
Spin
osad
eve
ry 2
w
eeks
Japa
nese
bee
tleSe
vin
Frui
t rot
s/sp
ots
Capt
an o
r Man
coze
bAl
tern
ate
Mal
athi
on
and
Spin
osad
eve
ry 2
w
eeks
Oct
ober
-N
ovem
ber
Afte
r har
vest
Scab
Ceda
r app
le ru
stFr
uit r
ots/
spot
s
Codl
ing
mot
h
O
rient
al fr
uit
mot
h
Rem
ove
all f
ruit
from
tree
and
cl
ean
up a
ll fa
llen
frui
t; Ra
ke
falle
n le
aves
and
des
troy
(do
not c
ompo
st);
Rem
ove
ceda
r ga
lls fr
om ju
nipe
r.
Codl
ing
mot
hO
rient
al fr
uit
mot
hSt
ink
bug
Mite
sIn
sect
icid
al so
ap*
Codl
ing
mot
hO
rient
al fr
uit
mot
hSt
ink
bug
Augu
st -
Sept
embe
rLa
te su
mm
er/f
all
grow
thFr
uit r
ots/
spot
sSc
ab
Co
dlin
g m
oth
Orie
ntal
frui
t m
oth
Plum
cur
culio
Rem
ove
any
dise
ased
or
rott
ed fr
uit f
rom
tree
s or t
he
grou
nd; I
rrig
ate
and
mul
ch,
espe
cial
ly d
urin
g dr
y se
ason
s;
Disp
ose
of fa
llen
frui
t; re
mov
e fr
uit w
ith p
rotr
udin
g in
sect
fr
ass;
Rem
ove
frui
t bag
s 2
wee
ks b
efor
e ha
rves
t.
June
-July
Sum
mer
gro
wth
Frui
t rot
s/sp
ots
Scab
Codl
ing
mot
h
O
rient
al fr
uit
mot
h
Pl
um c
urcu
lio
Rem
ove
any
dise
ased
or
rott
ed fr
uit f
rom
tree
s or t
he
grou
nd; I
rrig
ate
and
mul
ch,
espe
cial
ly d
urin
g dr
y se
ason
s;
Pick
up
and
disp
ose
of fa
llen
frui
t; Re
mov
e fr
uit w
ith in
sect
fr
ass p
rotr
udin
g.
1 Th
e gr
owth
stag
e in
dica
ted
typi
cally
occ
urs d
urin
g th
is tim
e of
yea
r; ho
wev
er, t
his m
ay v
ary
from
yea
r to
year
dep
endi
ng o
n en
viro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
. 2 Pr
oduc
ts n
oted
with
an
* in
dica
te th
ose
that
may
be
used
in o
rgan
ic p
rodu
ction
. For
a li
st o
f pro
duct
s app
rove
d by
Org
anic
Mat
eria
ls Re
view
Insti
tute
(OM
RI) p
leas
e se
e U
nive
rsity
of
Kent
ucky
pub
licati
on H
omeo
wne
r's G
uide
to F
ungi
cide
s (PP
FS-G
EN-0
7).
3 Ei
ther
a li
quid
or w
ettab
le fo
rmul
ation
is a
ppro
pria
te.
4 U
se o
f lim
e su
lfur a
ffect
s fru
it by
cau
sing
russ
etting
; sw
itch
to su
lfur (
liqui
d or
wett
able
form
ulati
on) f
or th
e re
mai
nder
of g
row
ing
seas
on.
Educational programs of the Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service serve all people regardless of race, color, age, sex, religion, disability, or national origin.
July 2019Photo credit: Steve Patton, UK Agricultural Communications
Resources� Entomology Extension Publications/Fruit Pestshttps://entomology.ca.uky.edu/fruit
� Horticulture Extension Publications/Home Fruithttp://www.uky.edu/hort/document-list-home-fruit
� Plant Pathology Extension Publicationshttps://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/extension/publications
� Bagging Apples: Alternative Pest Management for Hobbyists (EntFacts-218)http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/entfactpdf/ef218.pdf
� Disease and Insect Control Program for Homegrown Fruit in Kentucky (ID-21)http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id21/id21.pdf
� Fruit, Orchard, and Vineyard Sanitation (PPFS-FR-T-05)https://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/files/ppfs-gen-05.pdf
� Homeowner's Guide to Fungicides (PPFS-GEN-07)https://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/files/ppfs-gen-07.pdf
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