cael leskovec
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Challenging the doxaof
planning for certainty: a casestudy of Melbourne and its
implications for strategic
spatial planning theory andpractice
Cael Leskovec, RMIT University
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Contents
Context
Research Concern and Aims
Research Questions
Methodology
Case Study Design
Research Process
Data Analysis
Timetable
References
Questions
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Context
Strategic spatial planning, known also as strategic
planning, spatial planning and metropol itan planning, is a
term used to describe the planning process of shaping the
long-term future of a city or region through the production
of a vision, actions and means for implementation(Albrechts, 2004; Healey, 2004)
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Context
Strategic spatial planning can be considered to have two
main narratives (Albrechts, 2006):
1. The master narrative of traditional, rational approaches
2. An emerging narrative of alternatives approaches that
recognise the inability of traditional approaches to operate
within a complex and uncertain world
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Context
Master narrative
Strategic spatial planning has traditionally sought to
provide control and certainty for cities and regions
(Albrechts, 2006)
Influenced by rational planning approaches
Blueprint planning
Synoptic planning
Communicative planning
The provision of certainty has today become anunquestioned truth, a doxa, in metropolitan strategic
spatial planning and the wider planning system in Australia
(KPMG, 2010; Searle and Bunker, 2010)
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Context Emerging narrative
However, there has been recognition that strategic spatialplanning is incapable of dealing with the environmental,economic, political uncertainties of a complex and rapidlychanging world (Balducci et al., 2011)
Uncertainty consists of both environmental uncertaintyand process uncertainty (Abbott, 2005)
Strategic spatial planners have traditionally addresseduncertainty in three ways:
1. Better data collection and modelling
2. Avoiding it3. Deferring it
Traditional strategic spatial plans are static documents,unable to adapt to uncertainties (Friedmann, 2004)
Cities are currently challenged to find spatial forms suitedto uncertainty
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Context
Emerging narrative
Despite increasing recognition of the need for more flexible
strategic spatial planning to adapt to uncertainties, there
have been just a few attempts to devises new approaches:
Milan, Italy
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Troms, Norway
Melbourne, Australia
These cases highlight the potential for a change to the wayplanners do strategic spatial planning
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Research Concern and Aims
This research project is concerned with understanding
how strategic spatial planning might deal with uncertainty
The research project has two key aims:
1. To discover how and why the doxaof providing certaintycame into existence and has continued to be reproduced
in strategic spatial planning in Melbourne, Australia; and
2. To determine the implications of the doxafor strategic
spatial planning theory and practice.
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Research Questions
To achieve its aims, the research project asks f ive
questions:
1. What is the nature of the doxaof certainty in strategic
spatial planning in Melbourne?
2. What have been the implications of strategic spatial
planning for certainty in an uncertain world?
3. How successful was Melbourne2030s attempt to achieve
more flexible strategic spatial planning and challenge the
doxaof strategic spatial planning for certainty?
4. Is more flexible strategic spatial planning possible?
5. What would a framework for more flexible strategic spatial
planning look like?
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Methodology
Post-structural methodology
Post-structural theory has been used to explain the
relationship between strategic spatial planning and
uncertainty
There is a need for a strong post-structuralist frame to
underlay the creative work of strategic practice in a
conceptualisation of the complexities of urban dynamics,
their multiple relationalities, their openness to change and
their potential to become otherwise (Balducci et al., 2011)
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Methodology
Foucaultian genealogical approach
Methodological approach to historical analysis developed
in the 1970s by Foucault
Used to explain the development of a deep-seated practice
or belief that is held to be fact (Williams, 2005)
Concerned with discovering how discursive and non-
discursive practices are related by forces of power to form
a wide-held belief (Foucault, 1977; 1978; 1984)
Relatively unused in the planning domain However, has been used well by planners (e.g., Boyer,
1983; Fischler, 1998)
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Methodology
Foucaultian genealogical approach
Begins with the problematisation of an ingrained and
accepted practice or belief (Williams, 2005)
Requires the discovery of the dispositifsof the problem
The ensemble consisting of discourse, institutions,
architectural forms, regulatory decisions, laws,
administrative measures, scientific statements,
philosophical, moral and philanthropic propositions in
short, the said as much as unsaid (Foucault, 1980: 194-
195) Eventalising the problem
Rediscovering the connections, encounters, supports,
blockages, plays of forces, strategies and so on, that at a
given moment establish what subsequently counts as
being self-evident, universal and necessary (Foucault,
2000: 226-227)
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Case Study Design
A case study design was chosen for a number of reasons:
Case study aligns with this projects research aims and
questions
Provides the opportunity to provide a detailed explanation
of an unfamiliar phenomenon
A single-case study design was selected for a number of
reasons:
A shortage of suitable cases
Sufficient depth and detail
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Case Study Design
Melbourne was selected as a single-case study for a
number of reasons:
There exists in Melbourne a doxaof providing certainty
within strategic spatial planning
Melbourne has a rich strategic spatial planning history
The strategic spatial planning history of Melbourne
remains underexplored
The case is local
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Research Process
The research process is divided into two sections:
1. Literature review
2. Data collection
Archival research Interviews
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Research Process
Literature Review
Undertake a further and more in-depth review and analysis
of published literature relevant to the project
To determine the implications of strategic spatial planning
for certainty in an uncertain world (RQ2)
To help determine whether more flexible strategic spatial
planning is possible according to the published literature
(RQ4)
Ongoing process
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Research Process
Archival research
Undertake archival research focusing on:
Strategic spatial plans and associated documents
Planning authority documents
To discover how and why the doxa of providing certainty
came into existence and continued to be reproduced in
strategic spatial planning in Melbourne (RQ1)
Archival resources include:
DoT Library State Library of Victoria
National Library of Australia Trove Repository
RMIT University Library
University of Melbourne Library
Private collections
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Research Process Interviews
Undertake qualitative, semi-structured interviews with keyinformants
To further explain the doxaof strategic spatial planning forcertainty (RQ1)
To determine the successfulness of Melbourne 2030sattempt to achieve more flexible strategic spatial planningand challenge the doxa (RQ3)
To determine if flexible strategic spatial planning if possible(RQ4)
To determine what a framework for more flexible strategicspatial planning would look like (RQ5)
20-30 interviews
Snowballing
Triangulation
Ethics approval
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Data Analysis
Discourse analysis approach
Archival research
Thematic analysis approach
Interviews
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Timetable
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References
Abbott, J . (2005). Unders tanding and managing the unknown. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24(3), 237-251.
Alb rechts, L. (2004). Strat egi c (spat ial ) planning reexamined . Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(5), 743-758.
Alb rechts, L. (2006a). Bri dge the gap : from spati al p lanning t o s trateg ic p ro jects . European Planning Stud ies, 14(10), 1487-1500.
Balducc i, A., Boelens, L., Hillier, J., Nyseth, T., & Wilkinson , C. (2011). Introduction : Strategic spatial pl anning in uncertaint y:theory and exploratory practice. Town Planning Review, 82(5), 481-501.
Boyer, M. C. (1983). Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Fischler, R. (1998). Toward a genealogy of plannin g: zoning and the Welfare State. Planning Perspectives, 13(4), 389-410.
Friedmann, J. (2004). Strategic spatial planning and the lo nger range. Planning Theory and Practice, 5 (1), pp . 49-67.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon Bo oks.
Foucault, M. (1984). Nietzsche, Genealogy, History. In P. Rainbow (Ed.), The Foucault Reader. London: Penguin Book.
Foucault, M. (1988). The History of Sexuality (R. Hurley, Trans.). New York: Vintage Books . (Original work publi shed 1978).
Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison(A. Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Vintage Book s. (Original workpubl ished 1977).
Foucault, M. (2000). Questions of m ethod. In J. Faubion (Ed.), Power: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984(Vol. 3). Londo n:Penguin.
Healey, P. (2004). The treatment of space and place in t he new strategic spatial planni ng in Europe. International Journal of Urbanand Regional Research, 28(1), 45-67.
KPMG. (2010). Built Environment Meets Parliament: Spotlight on Australia's Capital Cities: An Independent Assessment of CityPlanning Systems. Sydney: KPMG.
Rapley, T. (2011). Some Pragmatics o f Qualitative Data Analysis . In D. Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative Research: Issues o f Theory,Method and Practice (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
Searle, G., & Bunk er, R. (2010). Metropolitan s trategic planning: an Australian paradigm? Planning Theory, 9(3), 163-180.
Williams, A. (2005). Genealogy as Methodology in the Philosophy of Michel Foucault . Paper presented at the London FoucaultCircle Seminar Series, Universit y of East Lo ndon , UK.
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Questions?
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