c6.2 – from republic to empire. objectives what problems did leaders face in the late roman...

C6.2 – From Republic to Empire

Objectives

• What problems did leaders face in the late Roman Republic?

• How did Rome become an empire?

• What helped tie the Roman empire together during the Pax Romana?

Main Idea

Governmental and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a new form of government.

C6.2 - From Republic to Empire

I. Problems in the Late RepublicBy 133 BC, Rome was the supreme power inthe Mediterranean world

I. Problems in the Late RepublicPolitical and social revolution began becauseof tensions between social classes

A. Social Unrest133 BC - The Gracchi, brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, tried to resolve problems

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS (c.163-133 BC) GAIUS GRACCHUS (c.153-121 BC)

A. Social Unrest

Soldier/farmers returned from the Punic Warsto find their homes and farms destroyed

A. Social Unrest

The Gracchi instituted public reforms such as redistributing public land to the farmers

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus with their mother, Cornelia

A. Social UnrestBoth were elected tribunes, both were assassinated after angering the Senate

Death of Gaius Gracchus, 121 BC

Death of Tiberius Gracchus by members of the Roman

Senate, 133 BC

A. Social UnrestTheir deaths marked a turning point – violence, not law, began to control politics

Cornelia Refuses the Crown of the Ptolomai The daughter of Scipio Africanus and mother of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus -

refuses the crown of the King of Egypt and his marriage proposal.

A. Social Unrest91 BC - the Social War resulted in Rome’sallies becoming Roman citizens

This map depicts the landscape of Italy during the period of the Social War and portrays select sites relating to the history of Rome

B. The Military in PoliticsGenerals created loyal private armies andforced the Senate to do their bidding

Lucius Cornelius Sulla 138-78 BC

Gaius Marius 157– 86 BC

B. The Military in Politics107 BC - Gaius Marius elected consul; eliminated army’s restrictions and enlistedanyone

As counsel, Gaius Marius decreed that the eagle would be the symbol of the Senate and People of

Rome

B. The Military in Politics88 BC - Sulla became consul; Marius tried to prevent Sulla from taking military command

B. The Military in PoliticsSulla marched on Rome with his legion, won a civil war, and became dictator

Sulla Fights his Way into Rome

II. Rome Becomes an Empire

A. The First Triumvirate

60 BC - Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey and Licinius Crassus, formed the First Triumvirate

Gnaeus Pompey 106 - 48 BC

Julius Caesar 100 - 44 BC

Licinius Crassus 115 BC – 53 BC

A. The First TriumvirateCrassus died; Caesar defeated Pompey in a civil war; named dictator for life in 44 BC

Julius Caesar and the Crossing of the Rubicon

A. The First Triumvirate44 BC - Caesar instituted popular reforms; Fearing he wanted to be king, Senators murdered him March 15th (the Ides of March)

The Assassination of CaesarMarch 15th, 44 BC

“Beware the Ides of March”

“Et tu, Brute?”

B. The Second Triumvirate43 BC - Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidusseized power; formed the Second Triumvirate

Octavian 63 BC - AD 14

Marc Antony 83 BC – 30 BC

Lepidus 90 BC - 13 BC

B. The Second TriumvirateLepidus forced out; Antony and Octavian each governed half the empire

B. The Second Triumvirate31 BC - Civil war between Octavian and Antony; Octavian defeated Antony and Egypt’s Cleopatra

The Battle of Actium

B. The Second TriumvirateCleopatra, Antony committed suicide; Octavian controlled Rome; republic ended

Antony and Cleopatra

C. From Octavian to AugustusOctavian called himself princeps, government called Principate; new political order emerged – the empire

Augustus (63 B.C. – AD 14)

First Roman Emperor

(27 BC - AD 14)

“He subjected the whole wide earth to the rule of the

Roman people”

C. From Octavian to Augustus27 BC - Senate gave Octavian title of Augustus, “the revered one”

Birth name:

Gaius Octavius Thurinus

Name as Emperor:

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus

D. The Augustan AgeRuled 40 years, power shared with Senate; conquests expanded the empire and brought peace

D. The Augustan Age

Life improved; period of cultural creativity, greatest writers in Roman history – Horace, Ovid, Livy, and Virgil

E. The EmperorsAD 14 - Augustus died; empire ruled by Caesar’s relatives next 54 years – the Julio-Claudian Emperors

E. The EmperorsAbilities varied: Tiberius - good soldier andruler; Caligula - brutal, mentally unstable; Nero, last Julio-Claudian - committed suicide in AD 68

Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) Nero (54-68 A.D.) Caligula (37 to 41)

E. The Emperors

After Nero, civil wars raged; four military leaders ruled in AD 69; last was Vespasian

Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus

(AD 9 – AD 79

E. The Emperors69 to 96 AD - Vespasian re-established order; stability returned under the Flavians - Vespasian and his two sons

The Flavian family, Vespasian and his sons

Titus and Domitian, depicted in The Triumph

of Titus

E. The Emperors

AD 96: reign of the Good Emperors began – fiverulers who governed Rome almost a century

The Five Good Emperors - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

E. The Emperors

Empire grew under the Good Emperors;reached limits of expansion under Trajan

Aureus issued by Trajan to celebrate the conquest of

Parthia

E. The Emperors

Trajan added Romania, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula

E. The EmperorsHadrian thought empire too large, withdrew from the east; built fortifications as guard against invasions

Hadrian's Wall in northern England

III. The Pax Romana

27 BC to AD 180 – Period of the Pax Romana: stable government, strong legal system,widespread trade, and peace

A. Government

Government strongest unifying force in empire:maintained order, enforced laws, defended frontiers

A. GovernmentEmpire divided into provinces ruled by governors appointed and monitored by Rome

B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

Law unified the empire; specified crimes and penalties; applied to everyone in empire - the“Rule of Law”

B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

Agriculture remained primary occupation;tenant farmers began replacing slaves on large farms

B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

Manufacturing increased; produced everything from cheap pottery to world’s finest goods

Ancient glassware from the Roman era

Ancient Roman drinking vessels, bowls and jars

B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

Imported grain, meat, raw materials from provinces; Rome and Alexandria became commercial centers

B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

Commercial activity possible because of empire’s location and extensive (about 50,000mile) road network