c4 fire emergencies 6523
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C4 Risk Management Group Ltd
FIRE EMERGENCIES Unit Standard 6523
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Respond to Emergencies and critical incidents as a security officer
Introduction
This study guide is designed to prepare you for assessment against NZQA Unit
Standard 6523 Respond to emergencies & critical situations as a security officer.
This Unit Standard is a compulsory requirement of the National Certificate in
Security Level 3 and 4.
This is a knowledge based module with a practical component and can beachieved by completing the following distance learning modules.
1. Introduction to CIMS
2. Bomb Threats
3. White Powder Threats
4. Fire
5. Natural Hazards
6. SMEAC
7. Evacuations
8. Practical Assessment
Trainer/Assessor
Your trainer and assessor will issue you this module and give a time frame for it tobe completed by.
If you have any questions at any time you can contact your assessor at any time.
Once you have completed this module your assessor will discuss this it with you
to ensure your knowledge is sufficient to pass assessment.
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References
The following references may assist you in gaining further knowledge on this
subject.
Civil Defence and Emergency Management Act 2002
www.fire.org.nz
www.nzsafety.co.nz
Recommended Study Technique
1. Browse or read through this workbook to get the general idea of what it is
about.
2. Study each section and complete the Self Assessments at the end of each
section.
3. Complete the activities at the end of this module and hand the evidence
to your assessor for marking.4. Evidence will be assessed and you will be advised if there are any areas for
you to improve on
5. Successful completion of this unit standard will be reported to NZQA.
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Fires
Introduction
The destructiveness of fires in homes and workplaces is well known and often
shown in media headlines. Fires regularly take lives and injure many more people
each year in NZ.
Most fires are termed accidental however many of them could have been
prevented. Fire can also be used much like a weapon; every year arson is
suspected in numerous fires across the country.
The NZ Fire Service website www.fire.org.nz gives the following statistics for
2007;
y 46 fire districts (urban)
y 440 fire stations
y 960 fire appliances (approx)
y 1707 career firefighter positions
y 7000 urban volunteer firefightersy 524 management and support positions, full and part-time
y 76 communication centre staff positions
y The busiest fire station in New Zealand in 2007 was Auckland City with
3,177 call outs. Christchurch City Station had 2,600 and Wellington City
Station 2,502
During 2007: (Calendar year)
y 73,333 incidents were attended by the Fire Service. This includes such
things as fires, motor accidents and chemical emergencies
y 24,279 fires were attended by the Fire Service, including 4,083 house fires
y There were 5,476 vegetation fires
y There were 33 fire deaths.
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The role of security officers in fire safety
Security officers are not expected to be firefighters, however they are expected to
be able to respond to a fire emergency with a level of professionalism above that
of an ordinary member of the public or staff.
The management of fire alarm and monitoring systems is often an important part
of their role in large buildings and factories.
Often the security officer is the only person who spends time patrolling a site with
the freedom to venture anywhere or look into what is going on. They are fulfilling
the OSH responsibility on the site and are likely to come across safety issues suchas fires, chemical leaks etc.
Many site security and safety plans and procedures identify the security officer as
a key member of any evacuation or response to an emergency.
At times security officers will have to take on the role of a fire warden or even the
building warden in some cases. If this occurs then the security officer should have
some advanced training in this field of emergency management.
A lot is expected from a security officer, more than just security work in fact, and
the officer needs to be able to respond with training, knowledge and hopefully
after a few years will have some experience.
A National Certificate in Security only supplies an officer with a basic awareness of
how to handle an emergency. Further training should be received by those who
work on a site and need to respond as part of a response capability. Other
National Certificates and training is available on this subject. Enquire with your
trainer/assessor.
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Fire science
Fire is a simple chemical reaction between oxygen in the air and a source of fuel
(paper or oil). The reaction is set off by the use of a heat source. Once the fuel is
hot enough the chemical reaction occurs and a fire ignites.
Fire Triangle
Fire suppression principles
Fire extinguishers are designed to remove one of the three essential elements of
a fire (Fuel, Heat, and Oxygen). Without that element the fire cannot continue to
burn and will die out.
Example:
y Water takes away the heat source by cooling it
y CO2 and dry powder remove oxygen from the immediate area
y Foam covers the fire and presents a barrier between the heat and theoxygen
Of course there are other ways of suppressing the fire. Taking away the fuel
source by turning off a gas tap may solve the problem. A fire blanket or other
device could be used to smother the fire in a similar way that foam covers the fire.
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Class D fires include flammable metals such as magnesium, titanium,
potassium and sodium
Type of extinguisher - Dry powder, sand
Class E fires are those around or including electrical equipment and
machinery.
Type of extinguisher - Dry powder, CO2,
Class F fires are primarily cooking fats and are often found in kitchen
areas.
Type of extinguisher - Wet chemical, fire blanket
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Types of fire extinguishers
There are five types of extinguisher available. Some are very common while
others are less common and have specific uses. There are a number of
manufacturers of these extinguishers and the size, colouring and markings can
differ. Care should be taken with any extinguisher and particular attention should
be made to older or imported versions.
Generally extinguishers are colour coded to assist in identifying the class of fire it
is designed for.
Dry Chemical (Dry Powder)
These extinguishers contain a dry chemical extinguishing powder,
normally sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate. The powder
is forced from these extinguishers due to the compressed nitrogen
gas also held in the extinguisher. The nitrogen is not flammable.
The powder leaves a coating which reduces the chances of the fire
re-igniting. However the powder is mildly corrosive so it should be
cleaned up relatively soon after the fire has been extinguished.
A white band normally signifies a dry powder extinguisher.
Water
Air pressurised water extinguishers contain water as well as
compressed air or a gas. They are only used on Class A fires. If they
are used on grease, fat or fuel based fires as they will simply spread
the fire causing it to grow. Water extinguishers should never be
used on fires where there is a chance of electrical fittings or
equipment being involved.
A red band normally signifies a water extinguisher.
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Highly compressed liquid carbon dioxide is released as a gas when
these extinguishers are used. They are very effective on burning liquids
and electrical fires. However on Class A fires they are not alwayseffective as the gas disperses and can allow the fire to reignite.
When these extinguishers are used the liquid carbon dioxide (CO2)
cools the surrounding air and ice can form around the nozzle.
The black colour band is often used to signify this type of extinguisher.
Foam
These extinguishers are designed to be used on Class B fires and forma foam cover over fuels and oils. This prevents the heat source
accessing the oxygen and therefore contains the fire. Foam
extinguishers can also be used on Class A fires to good effect.
These extinguishers are often seen around service stations and other
location where there are dangerous goods.
A blue band often signifies a foam extinguisher.
Wet Chemical
Wet chemical extinguishers should be used wherever there is a
commercial deep fat fryer unit. Much like foam, the wet chemical
covers the burning fat and prevents it from mixing with oxygen.
They can be found in hospitality facilities as well as businesses such
as fish & chip shops.
A yellow band often signifies a wet chemical extinguisher.
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Fire Hoses
Fire hoses are normally situated throughout a building, factory or
work site. They can be found internally and externally and are
contained in a red metal cabinet which is readily recognised.
Hoses are designed to cool the fire by providing water to the
source of the heat. They should not be used on grease, oil or fat
fires.
Fire hoses are limited due to the length of hose.
Fire Blankets
Fire blankets are made from fire retardant material and are usually
located in kitchen areas. They are used to smother a fire and
prevent oxygen mixing with the source of fire. Fire blankets can
also be used to wrap a person in who has caught fire.
The use is limited due to the need to get close to the fire and its
effectiveness is limited to small fires.
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Operating a fire extinguisher
Fire extinguishers may look different in colour and size but they all operate the
same way. If you are faced with a fire it is a little too late to wish you had received
some training. Ensure you are trained regularly in the use of fire extinguishers.
The best practise acronym to ruse and remember is PASS (Pull, Aim, Squeeze,
Sweep)
Pull
Pull the pin located at the top of the extinguisher. When it is in place it stops the
extinguisher from going off accidently. The extinguisher cannot be operated
without this pin being pulled out. Throw it away once pulled; it is of no use!
Aim
Stand approximately 2 to 2.5 metres away from the fire, aim the extinguisher at
the base of the fire.
Squeeze
Squeeze the handle of the extinguisher. This will cause the agent inside to be
discharged. If you stop squeezing the handle the extinguisher will stop discharging.
Sweep
Use a sweeping motion as you discharge the extinguisher. Once the fire is out
continue to monitor it in case it re-ignites.
Note: Depending on the size an extinguisher may only last around 10 to 15
seconds. Always consider sending someone for another extinguisher. Dont watch
for re-ignition with a near empty extinguisher!
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Personal safety
As a general rule fighting any fire is dangerous. However, small fires are best
suppressed before they become larger fires. Hand held extinguishers, fire hoses
and fire blankets are placed on sites and are expected to be used by all staff
trained in their use.
Personal safety is at risk at all times and care must be taken. Best practise
suggests the following points be followed when attempting to fight a fire;
y Only attempt to fight the fire if initial actions have been carried out
y Work in a team of two
y Always let someone know what you are going to do
y Only fight the fire if you have had some training
y Plan your own evacuation route
y If the fire is bigger than you it may be time to evacuate
y If one of you become injured evacuate immediately
y Remember the effects of smoke and heat
y Test the extinguisher prior to using it
y Consider using more than one extinguisher
y An extinguisher is no substitute for the fire service
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Fire emergency procedures
Initial action
Initial actions at a fire emergency should include the following:
y Alert others of the fire
y Ensure the immediate safety of anyone near the fire
y Call the fire service
y Fight the fire if safe to do so
y Evacuate the area
y A phone call should always be made even if the alarm has automatically
alerted the fire service
When evacuating the area
y Crawl low and fast to escape smoke. 'Get Down, Get Low, Get out.'
y Shut the doors behind you in order to slow the spread of fire
y Meet at the assembly area
y Once out do not return inside
y Advise the fire service of;
o House number
o Street nameo Nearest intersection
o Suburb and city
o Rural ID if you have one
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Evacuation planning
The following guidelines often provide the basis of an evacuation procedure for a
workplace:
y Develop a plan which identifies all rooms and pathways to the nearest exits.
These drawing should be displayed in prominent locations.
y Establish assembly area outside the building and inform employees of their
locations.
y Establish a fire warden system and identify who will search each area (if
safe to do so) to ensure that no one is left in the building.
y Advise the fire service which areas (if any) have not been searched and
cleared and whether anybody is still inside or unaccounted for.
y Conduct evacuation drills regularly. All building occupants should
participate.
y All employees should be familiar with the sounds and locations of any fire
alarm or emergency communication systems.
y All visitors and contractors working or intending to work on the premises
should be made aware of the emergency procedures and be told what todo and where to go in the event of an emergency.
y No one should enter/re-enter the building until the fire service give the all
clear.
y Involve employees who have hearing, vision or physical impairments in
evacuation planning. Make provision for anyone who needs help in
escaping and include these provisions in all drills.
y Check with fire service personnel to keep your workplace fire emergency
plan up-to-date
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Legislation
Fire Service Act 1975 and the Fire Safety and Evacuation of Buildings Regulations
2006
The rules and legal requirements for building owners are found in the Fire Service
Act 1975 and the Fire Safety and Evacuation of Buildings Regulations 2006
Section 21B(1) of the Act, requires owners of relevant buildings to provide and
maintain evacuation schemes. The scheme must be designed to enable
evacuation from the scene of a fire safely and in a reasonable time.
Regulation 6(1) of the Regulations requires owners of schedule 1 buildings to
have evacuation procedures in place for the safe, prompt and efficient evacuation
of the buildings occupants in the event of a fire emergency requiring evacuation.
The New Zealand Fire Service is responsible for the management of all the
evacuation scheme requirements under the Act and the Regulations.
Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992
The Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 is also very relevant with respect
to fires emergencies.
Employers are required to provide a safe working environment for all their staff.
Fires are a well known and common risk to anybody working in a building. Thisrisk grows larger depending on what type of building it is and what work is
conducted in that building.
The end result of the requirements under the Act is evacuations plans, training,
evacuation drills, first aid training and the presence of extinguishers and hoses.
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Activities
1. Read the information attached. Further information is available from the
NZ government website www.fire.org.nz and www.nzsafety.co.nz
2. Complete a workplace practical exercise where you must suppress a small
fire with both a hand held extinguisher as well as a fire hose.
3. Complete the multi-choice test at the back of the module.
4. Check your business or site for information and plans for responding to afire emergency.
5. Attach all the evidence to your workbook and hand to your assessor once
completed.
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Fire Emergencies ....
Question 1
How many fires did the NZ Fire Service attend in
2007?
a. 42, 222
b. 24,279
c. 13,000
d. 47,000
Question 2
In 2007 how many deaths were caused by fire?
a. 33
b. 7
c. 47
d. 102
Question 3
Identify the three essential ingredients required
to make fire;
a. ash
b. oxygen
c. Fuel source
d. Heat
Question 4
The term used when evacuating because of a fire
is;
a. stop, drop and roll
b. live and let live
c. run for the hills!
d. Get Down, Get Low, Get out
Question 5
Which two statements best describes what fire
suppression does to the fire;
a. takes away the oxygen
b. makes it too wet to burn
c. blows away the fire
d. cools the heat source
Question 6
What are two uses for a fire blanket?
a. keeps you warm at night
b. can wrap a burning person in it
c. can smother a fat fire in a kitchen
d. can be used to dry the place after fire service
have used their hoses
Question 7
What are two limitations of a fire blanket?
a. can only be used on small fires
b. are hard to find during a fire
c. you must get close to the fire to use it
d. they have to be unwrapped first
Question 8
The acronym for using a fire extinguisher is?
a. POSS
b. PASS
c. PESS
d. PUSS
Question 9
Fire hoses are limited by what?
a. colourb. speed
c. length of hose
d. nozzle size
Question 10
When on the phone to the fire service what
information should you be able to pass to them?a. Street name
b. Nearest intresection
c. Street number
d. Suburb name
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11. Draw a line between the class of fire and the appropriate method of extinguishment..
Place each of these home or workplace examples next to the class of fire extinguisher that
would be used to put it out;
Kitchen rubbish bin, Office Rubbish bin, Lawnmower, Spray paint can, BBQ, Business Heating,
Car, Spilt fat in an oven. magnesium wheels, Home computer, Frying pan filled with oil,
Lithium batteries in computers, Photocopier.
Class of fire Example from home Example from work
How to put it out
A
Ordinary Combustible Solids
Kitchen rubbish
bin
Office Rubbish
bin
Dry powder. Smother with
dry powder or dry sand but
do not use water.
B
Flammable & Combustible Liquids
Water, cooling effect and
smothers the fire. Converts
water to steam. Fire knocked
down using jet, then spray
to complete extinguishing
C
Flammable Gases
CO2 or foam. Cover with lidor fire blanket, turn off heat
source and do not use
water.
D
Combustible Metals
Dry chemical, CO2 or foam.
Do not use water as this
tends to spread the fire.
Turn off gas supply.
E
Electrical Fires
Co2 fire extinguisher. Water
causes short circuits. Turn
off power or use non-
conducting agents like CO2
or dry powder.
F
Cooking Oils and Fats
Foam. Keeps oxygen
separated by foam thus
smothering the fire. Foam
played onto wall of
container and allowed to
form a blanket.
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12. Draw a line to match the correct fire extinguisher with the correct fire class [PC 1.4]
Dry Powder CO2 Foam Wet Chemical Hose Reel Fire Blanket
Class D
Combustible
metals.
Class E
Energised
electricalEquipment.
Class B
Flammable
andcombustibleliquids.
Class F
Cooking oils and
fats.
Class A
Carbonaceous
solids [wood, paper,textiles.]
Class C
Flammable
gases.
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