c++ when do you need to go native to c, c with c#? almost never if you are creating a new...

C++ Scenarios for C# DevelopersEric BattalioSenior Program Manager, Microsoft

C++ScenariosSome slides about C++11More Scenarios

When do you need to go native to C, C with C#? Almost never if you are creating a new application, for which you have control to code every component.

You want to have fun developing againCoding closer to the metal is exciting, challenging, and fun. Expand your mind, pick up the STL, and learn from the C++ community.

SymptomsBored writing the same old codeCurious about what C++ developers see in C++You want to feel the power of the STL and RAIIAttending C++ talks at Tech Ed

ExamplesSuccessfully compiling your first post-Hello World appThat moment you start thinking in STLFollowing the C++ forums on Stack OverflowSpotting and fixing a bug in legacy C++ library

Hello World (of course)

GotchasTemptation to become template-writing MasterLost time debating when/where to use move/auto/...Stress of recruiters bugging you with C++ jobs

C is pretty easy to learn but C++ is clearly complex. The basics are easy but it takes years to become a master in it (although C++11 is making it a bit easier).

very expert

much ninja

so impresswow!

You may have heard a few things...Forget about 1995C++ is a living languageLanguage tweaks make it easier to do the right thingSpeed is only part of the story; code reuse is vitalVisual Studio is your friend and confidant

Eighty twentyIn C++, a few things done well will get you most of the way to your solution(Or all the way)

ss intr

Move S

Start with a good book

Good C++ books focus on C++11 and modern C++.

Don’t learn bad habits!

Language EssentialsObjectsRAIIContainers and AlgorithmsReferences, Constants and Range-For

// Thanks to James McNellis!

What is an Object?void f(){ int x{0};}

Copying and Assignmentvoid f(){ int x{0};

int y{x}; // initialize y to be a copy of x y = x; // assign the value of x to y}

Copying and Assignmentclass MyClass { /* ... */ };

void f(){ MyClass x{};

MyClass y{x}; // initialize y to be a copy of x y = x; // assign the value of x to y}

Four Special Operationsvoid f(){ int x{0}; // Construction

int y{x}; // Copy Construction y = x; // Copy Assignment}// y.~int() // Destruction // x.~int()

Four Special Operationsclass MyClass { /* ... */ };

void f(){ MyClass x; // Construction

MyClass y{x}; // Copy Construction y = x; // Copy Assignment}// y.~MyClass() // Destruction // x.~MyClass()

Four Special Operationsclass MyClass{public: MyClass() { puts("Constructing"); } ~MyClass() { puts("Destroying"); } MyClass(MyClass const&) { puts("Copying"); } void operator=(MyClass const&) { puts("Assigning"); }};

Four Special Operationsclass MyClass { /* previously defined */ };

void f(){ MyClass x; // Constructing

MyClass y{x}; // Copying y = x; // Assigning}// y.~MyClass() // Destroying // x.~MyClass() // Destroying

Each object has an addressclass MyClass { /* ... */ };

void f(){ MyClass x;

MyClass* p{&x}; // p is a pointer to x // *p is another name for x}

Different objects have different addresses

void f(){ MyClass x; MyClass y;

// Different objects have different addresses MyClass* px{&x}; // px points to x MyClass* py{&y}; // py points to y assert(px != py);}

Special null pointer valuevoid f(){ MyClass* p{nullptr};}

Pointers are objects toovoid f(){ MyClass x;

MyClass* px1{&x}; MyClass* px2{px1}; assert(px1 == px2);

px1 = nullptr; assert(px1 != px2);}

Indirection is (mostly) implicit in C#// For value types, x and y are distinctint x = 0;int y = x;

y = 42;

// For reference types, x and y refer to the same objectList<int> x = new List<int>();List<int> y = x;

x.Add(1);

Indirection is explicit in C++// x and *p denote the same objectint x{0};int* p{&x};

// Changes the value of x via *p*p = 42;

Indirection is explicit in C++// x and *p denote the same objectMyClass x{};MyClass* p{&x};

// Changes the value of x via *p*p = get_thing();

Lifetime and Storage DurationEach object has a lifetime…from the point at which the object comes into existence (is constructed)…to the point at which the object goes out of existence (is destructed)

Lifetime is associated with storage durationAutomatic storage durationStatic and thread-local storage durationDynamic storage duration

Automatic Storage Durationvoid f(){ MyClass x{}; // Construction

MyClass y{x}; // Copy Construction y = x; // Copy Assignment

}// y.~MyClass() // Destruction // x.~MyClass() // Destruction

Lifetime of y Lifetime of x

Static Storage DurationMyClass x{}; // Global variable

void f(){ static MyClass y{}; // Function-local static variable}

Dynamic Storage Durationvoid f(){ MyClass* p{new MyClass{}};

delete p;}

Lifetime of *p

Dynamic Storage DurationMyClass* f(){ MyClass* p{new MyClass{}}; return p;}

void g(){ MyClass* p{ f() }; delete p;}

Initializationvoid f(){ int a = 0; // Copy initialization int b(0); // Direct initialization int c{0}; // Brace initialization int d{};}

Initializationint global_int; // Zero-initialized

void f(){ int local_int; // Not initialized}

Initializationvoid f(){ int local_int{}; MyClass local_MyClass{};}

RAIIResource Acquisition Is Initialization(Scope-Bound Resource Management)

RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)

void f(){ MyClass* p{new MyClass{}};

delete p;}

void f(){ char* const buffer{new char[1024 * 1024]{}};

// ...use the buffer...

delete[] buffer;}

// ... throw std::runtime_error{"oops“}; // ...

delete[] buffer;}

// ... return; // ...

delete[] buffer;}

void f(){ // Not actual C++ char* const buffer{new char[1024 * 1024]{}}; try { // ...use the buffer... } finally { delete[] buffer; }}

void f(){ // Not actual C++ using (char* const buffer{new char[1024 * 1024]{}}) { // ...use the buffer... }}

RAII (Resource Acquisition is Initialization)

void f(){ scoped_buffer buffer{new char[1024 * 1024]{}};

}// buffer.~scoped_buffer()

struct scoped_buffer{public: scoped_buffer(char* const p) : _p{p} { } ~scoped_buffer() { delete[] _p; } char* get() const { return _p; }

private: scoped_buffer(scoped_buffer const&) = delete; void operator=(scoped_buffer const&) = delete;

char* _p;};

RAII (Resource Acquisition is Initialization)void f(){ scoped_buffer buffer{new char[1024 * 1024]{}};

}// buffer.~scoped_buffer()

void f(size_t const buffer_size){ std::unique_ptr<char[]> const buffer{new char[buffer_size]{}};

// ...code that uses the buffer...}

std::unique_ptr<char[]> f(size_t const buffer_size){ std::unique_ptr<char[]> buffer{new char[buffer_size]{}};

return buffer;}

C++ Rule #1Never use delete in your codeAlways use a smart pointer to manage dynamic lifetimesunique_ptr, shared_ptr, ComPtr, etc.

std::mutex _sync;

void f(){ _sync.lock();

// ...synchronized code...

_sync.unlock();}

void f(){ std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_sync);

// ...synchronized code...}

void f(char const* const file_name){ FILE* file(fopen(file_name, "r"));

// ...code that uses the file...

fclose(file);}

void f(char const* const file_name){ std::ifstream file(file_name);

// ...code that uses the file...}

C++ Rule #1 (Revised)Never manage resources manually in your C++ codeAlways use RAII container typesUse existing RAII container types where possibleWrite your own when necessary

Containers and Algorithmsstd::vectorstd::liststd::setstd::mapstd::unordered_setstd::unordered_map

ListLinkedListSortedSetSortedDictionaryHashSetDictionary

Containers and Algorithmsstd::vector::insertstd::vector::push_backstd::vector::erasestd::vector::clear

List.InsertList.AddList.RemoveAtList.Clear

Containers and Algorithmsstd::vector<int> v{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };

for (size_t i{0}; i != v.size(); ++i){ std::cout << v[i] << '\n';}

for (auto it{v.begin()}; it != v.end(); ++it) // std::vector<int>::iterator{ std::cout << *it << '\n';}

Containers and Algorithmsstd::set<int> s{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };

for (auto it{s.begin()}; it != s.end(); ++it) // std::vector<int>::iterator not now!{ std::cout << *it << '\n';}

Containers and Algorithmsstd::map<int, int> m{ { 1, 2 }, { 2, 4 }, { 3, 6 }, { 4, 8 }, { 5, 10 }, { 6, 12 }};

for (auto it{m.begin()}; it != m.end(); ++it){ std::cout << it->first << ': ' << it->second << '\n';}

for (auto it{v.begin()}; it != v.begin() + 3; ++it){ std::cout << *it << '\n';}

v.erase(v.begin() + 3); // Removes the 4v.insert(v.begin() + 2, 10); // Inserts a 10 after the 2

int const x{*(v.begin() + 1)}; // Gets the 2

*(v.begin() + 1) = 9; // Changes the 2 to a 9

int const y{*(v.begin() + 1000)}; // Invalid!

Containers and AlgorithmsOkay, what about operations like sort and find?

v.sort(); // Nope; doesn't existv.find(4); // Nope; doesn't exist

Containers and Algorithms

Iterators

Containers

Algorithms

std::sort(v.begin(), v.end());

auto const it{std::find(v.begin(), v.end(), 2)};if (it != v.end()){ std::cout << "I found a two!\n";}

if (std::binary_search(v.begin(), v.end(), 2)){ std::cout << "I found a two!\n";}

Containers and Algorithmsfor_eachtransformall_ofany_offindFind_if

binary_searchlower_boundupper_boundequal_rangesortstable_sort

copy_ifuniquepartitionremoverotateand many more…

std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int const x){ std::cout << x << '\n';})

std::transform(v.begin(), v.end(), v.begin(), [](int const x){ return x * x;});

Containers and Algorithmsstd::vector<int> v{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };std::vector<int> w(v.size());

std::transform(v.begin(), v.end(), w.begin(), [](int const x){ return x * x;});

Containers and Algorithmsstd::vector<int> v{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };std::vector<int> w;

std::transform(v.begin(), v.end(), std::back_inserter(w), [](int const x){ return x * x;});

std::sort(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int const lhs, int const rhs){ return lhs > rhs;});

bool const all_are_even(std::all_of(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int const x){ return x % 2 == 0;}));

std::set<int> s(v.begin(), v.end());

Containers and Algorithmsint a[6]{ 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6 };

std::sort(begin(a), end(a));

Containers and Algorithmsvoid f(int* const data, size_t const count){ int* const first{data}; int* const last {data + count};

std::sort(first, last);}

Containers and Algorithmstemplate <typename Iterator, typename Function>bool all_of(Iterator const first, Iterator const last, Function const f){ for (Iterator it{first}; it != last; ++it) { if (!f(*it)) return false; }

return true;}

Referencesvoid f(){ int x{0}; // x is an object

int& rx{x}; // rx is a reference to x // it is another name for x}

Referencesvoid f(std::vector<int>& v){ // ...Use the vector...}

constvoid f(){ int const x{0}; x = 42; // Invalid; x is const}

constvoid f(){ int x(0);

int const& rx(x); int const* px(&x);

x = 42; // Ok, x is not const rx = 42; // Invalid; rx is const *px = 42; // Invalid; *px is const}

constvoid f(std::vector<int> const& v){ // ...Use the vector but don't modify it...}

Range-forvoid f(){ std::vector<int> v = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

for (const auto& x : v) { std::cout << x << '\n'; }}

autostd::vector<int> get_stuff();

void f(){ auto the_stuff = get_stuff();}

I was once on a project where performance was important, so the core of the program was written in C++. Other people would use it on different platforms including Unix and Linux.

You need portable codeWhen it comes to portable code, C++ is hard to beat. It is build on a rich heritage of compatibility.There are differences among compilers, but all provide a reasonable ISO C++ standard compliant experience.

ScenarioCode needs to perform well on multiple devicesCode needs to be accessible on multiple devices

SymptomsYou need features only accessible to native codePerformance concerns for managed language

Examples<pattern: hamburger, UI layer on top, device API on bottom, meat is the C++ portable layer>

Portable Code

GotchasSource and build management complexityConformance differences

I also use C++ when I need to access some specific features from CryptoAPI or create high performance stuff web server stuff.

If you are planning to develop a math intensive library such as a quant library, stochastic analysis, signal processing or alike, go with C++.

You need to tune a managed applicationC# performs admirably across a range of applications.But!Sometimes application hot spots drive down performance and cannot be solved in native code alone.

SymptomsProfiler exposes code that has already been optimizedCustom graphics UI is sluggishExcessive amounts of data marshalling

ExamplesCrunching large amounts of data (image, audio)Excessive amounts of data marshallingLarge file processingComplex algorithms (financial, data structures)

C++ AMP

GotchasPremature optimizationTradeoffs (simplicity/maintainability for complexity)Missed or unforeseen causes (constrained by db)Installation and deployment

I also use C++ when I need to access some specific features from CryptoAPI or create high performance stuff web server stuff.

If you are planning to develop a math intensive library such as a quant library, stochastic analysis, signal processing or alike, go with C++.

Talking to older systemsOld systems never seem to die. Insurance, engineering, manufacturing, medical – many industries run on older applications. Submitting a claim or new part order may require specialized protocols.

SymptomsCompany has a place you go to request tape loadsBusiness rules are a “black box”Reliance on bridging middleware

ExamplesHealth care claims processing and adjudicationEngineering modelling Chemical processing and schedulingHome-grown, stove-pipe systemsJob systems

GotchasAPIs might be brittle...and pickyPerformance mismatchError handling (return codes)

You need to use existing code librariesCritical functionality vital to your project exist only in native C/C++ libraries.

SymptomsSchedule or other pressures make rewrite impossibleSource is inaccessible and/or surrounded by folkloreFeature is already implemented in OSS libraryExisting code is compliant/certified/secureCustom hardware control

ExamplesEDI transmission componentData cryptography servicesComputer visionAssembly line product quality hardwarePhysics, graphics, or other niche

Consuming and extending APIs

GotchasDependency on external development resourcesToo many cross-boundary callsData conversions (ascii / MBCS / Unicode / platform string...)Memory leaks, null pointers, security vulnerabilities

Thank YouPing me any timeebattali@Microsoft.com

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