(c) 2003 wadsworth group all rights reserved chapter 1 when old worlds collide: contact, conquest,...
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(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Chapter 1
When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Peoples in Motion:From Beringia to the Americas
• Beringia –humans crossed over into the Americas
• Three waves of migration• Amerind
• Na-Dene
• Inuits
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Great Extinction and the Rise of Agriculture
• Climate Change (by 9000 B.C.)– Glaciers receded– Climate warmed– Big game died off
• Northeastern U.S. Seaboard: Red Paint People (Maritime Archaic) 5000-2000 B.C.
• Hunter-gatherers: Gender Division of Labor– Men hunted & fished– Women gathered
• Neolithic evolution: Farming extension of gathering
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Polynesians and Hawaii
• Tropical Island settlements– Fiji– Hawaii– Easter Island– No evidence of Western Hemisphere contact
The Norsemen
• Norse (Vikings)– Iceland late 800s– Greenland late 900s– Vinland & Leif Erikson early 1000s– L’Anse aux Meadows– “Skrellings”
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
China: The Rejection of Overseas Expansion
• The Travels of Marco Polo early 1300s
• Emperor Kublai Khan• Cheng Ho’s fleets
explore East Indies, East Coast of Africa (1405-1434)
Contemporary depiction of caravans from the East
Europe versus Islam
• Ottoman Turks – Constantinople 1453– Balkans early 1500s
• 1340s Europe: Famine, Black Death• European Renaissance• Information Revolution I: Gutenburg’s
moveable type • European military growth
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Legacy of the Crusades
• Europeans in Palestine: Kingdom of Jerusalem
• Sugar Cane & Slavery
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal
• Portugal’s advantages: – Unity & Efficient government
– Geographic location
• King (Mansa) Musa & the Mandingo Empire • Prince Henry
– Navigate the high seas beyond sight of land
– Defeat any non-European fleet on the world oceans
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Africa, Colonies, and the Slave Trade
• Decline of Mali Empire
• Portuguese colonization of Africa– Plantations (sugar, wine)
• Establishment of “factories” for slave trade
• 15th Century Slave Trade: Africans sell Africans to Portuguese
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Portugal’s World Empire
• Bartolomeu Dias & Cape of Good Hope 1487
• Vasco da Gama circumnavigates Africa 1497-1499s)
• Pedro Cabral & Brazil
• Goa & Moluccas (East Indies)
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Early Lessons
• Overseas Expansion required:– Support of home government– Ready access to what other states learned
• Economic impulse behind colonization– Precious metals– Staple plantation crops
• Social impulse behind colonization: “live nobly” outside Europe
Spain
• Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile– Unified Kingdom of Spain 1469– Defeated Moors at Grenada 1492– Ends Islamic presence– Sponsor Columbus
Spain and the Caribbean
• Caribbean Colonies• Hidalgos & ex-
soldiers• “Living Nobly” with
Plantations worked by enslaved natives
• Exploration & Conquests
• Juan Ponce de León• Vasco Núñez de
Balboa• Amerigo Vespucci• Ferdinand Magellan• Hernán Cortés
The Rise of Sedentary Cultures
• Agriculture transformation of Indian lifestyle from 4000BC
• “slash and burn agriculture”
• Indians did not own land as individuals – but had “use rights”
• Large populations in the Americas – mostly Stone Age cultures
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Andes: Cycles of Complex Cultures
• Intellectual Achievement & Technology
• Preliterate• Irrigation Canals• Monumental
Architecture
• Pre-Columbian Andean Civilizations
• Chavin “Pre-Classic”• Mochica “Classic”• Tiwanaku “Classic”• Nazca “Post-Classic”
Inca Civilization
• Cuzco, capital city high in the mountains
• Quipu: Inca record-keeping
• Inca empire = 8 to 12 million people in 1500
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Mesoamerica: Cycles of Complex Cultures
• Intellectual Achievement & Technology
• Literate• Calendar• Pyramids• Irrigation Canals• Monumental
Architecture
• Pre-Columbian MesoAmerican Civs.
• Olmec• Teotihuacan• Mayan
– Tikal
– Chichén Itzá
The Aztecs and Tenochtitlán
• Chinampas – floating gardens
• Tlacopan & Texcoco
• Aztec dominance late 1400s
• Human Sacrifice & the “Great Pyramid of the Sun”
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
North American Mound Builders
• Watson-Break, Louisiana (3400 B.C.)
• Adena-Hopewell, Ohio River Valley (500B.C. – 400 A.D.)
• Mississippian (1000-1700 A.D.)– Cahokia– stinkards– Great Sun
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Contact and Cultural Misunderstanding
• Peoples of America and peoples of Europe confront each other
• Neither side was prepared for the encounter
Religious Dilemmas
• Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda—Soulless Indians• Bartolomé de Las Casas—Human Indians• Europeans: Christians shocked by human sacrifice
and cannibalism of Indians• Indians: no way to grasp distinctions between
human sacrifice and punishment for desecration• Indians: Christian heaven separates Indians from
ancestors
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
War as Cultural Misunderstanding
• European War– Kill enemy on battlefield– Female & child casualties acceptable
• Indian War– Capture enemy on battlefield, kill ritually later– Enslave or adopt women & children
Gender and Cultural Misunderstanding
• Europeans: men owned, ruled, and performed public functions
• Indians: women owned movable property, farmed, and could demand war
Conquistadores vs. Incas
• Francisco Pizarro
• Smallpox precedes Spaniards
• Anti-Inca Indian allies
• Capture of Inca Emperor Atahualpa
• Ransom & murder
• Lima
Why Spanish Won
• Smallpox & other diseases to which Indians had no exposure
• Indian Allies
• Superior weapons technology
North American Conquistadores
• Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca’s tales of gold
• Hernando de Soto explores the southeast
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explores the southwest
Spanish Missions in North America
• Jesuits
• Franciscans
• Royal Order for New Discoveries 1573
• María de Jesús de Agreda 1631
The Spanish Empire and Demographic Catastrophe
• encomienda
• hacienda
• smallpox
• Council of the Indies
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Brazil
• 14 “captaincies”
• Sugar plantations
• bandeirantes
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Spain: Global Colossus of a Global Economy
• American Silver, Spanish Power
• Philip II (1556-1598) – king of Spain
• Philip claims throne of Portugal 1580
• Free labor in “core” Europe
• Unfree labor in periphery– E. Europe & resurgent serfdom– W. Hemisphere & slavery
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Vulnerabilities of the Spanish Colossus
• Imperial overstretch
• Silver influx = inflation
• Silver influx creates import demand not domestic economic development
• Spain becomes poorer & weaker
Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, & Resistance
• East-West vs. North South human interaction
• Western Hemisphere isolation
• Steel Technology
• Alfred W. Crosby--The Columbian exchange
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Conclusion
• In 40 years: European navigators joined the world together and challenged Islam’s mediating role
• Intense and violent contact made throughout the world
• Spain acquired a military advantage in Europe• Millions suffered, especially in Africa and the
Americas
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
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