by margaret morgan, grace forster, catherine colbran, and becca cashion
Post on 19-Jan-2016
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By Margaret Morgan, Grace Forster, Catherine Colbran, and Becca
Cashion
COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY
People moved from the country to the cityPopulation and economy grew rapidly
Factory workers- worked in dangerous conditionsClass no longer derived from birth
Gap of wealth between factory workers and owners grew
Factory Acts(1803)- Solved the worst problems and raised the worker’s pay
Fredriech Engles- fought against work conditions and the exploitation of workers
THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION-
BRITAIN
Karl Marx- believed that only a revolution would create a more humane society and a close collaborator with Engles
Industrial revolution- fueled by technology and private capital
New transportation encouraged migration and tradeInitial effects were a polluted, unsanitary, crowded cities
Growth in middle class prosperityGuarded their inventors by making it illegal for them to
leave the country by 1850 Britain no longer monopolized industrial textile
production, coal mining or railroad building
BRITAIN CON.
Late 18th century- English goods entered marketFrance restricted English trade until the Eden Treaty
in 1786English cloth swamped French market
France had coal and iron minesConcentration on luxury items-silk, fine carpets etc.
Before 1850- industrialization concentrated in Alsace1842- government planned major railroad constructionHonore Le Blance-French gunsmith-pioneered the use
of interchangeable partsPrecision manufacture of identical parts so that if the original part breaks or wears out, it can be
replaced
FRANCE
Industrialization in Europe began after the Napoleonic wars in 1815
Belgium was the first region to industrialize-focused on textiles
European guilds-actively opposed industrializationToo poor to provide a market for mass produced
goods
EUROPE
• Industry grew on coal mines•August Borsig-set up a machine shop in 1837 that would become the
car factory in Europe• Werner Siemens- inventor who established a factory in Berlin in
1847 that was a major electrical goods manufacturer. •Most Germans still lived in the country-less than 10% lived in cities
larger than 20,000• German Customs Union (1834)- free-trade area dominated by Prussia and important in Prussian unification of Germany 1871. • Proletariat- an industrial worker who owns nothing but their job
•Capitalists- people whose money came from capital-wealth in money rather than land
•Tariffs- taxes charged on imported goods that raise consumer costs and add to government revenues
GERMANY
•Occurred during the second half of the 19th century
•After 1870
•Very optimistic era•Used a lot of steel and electricity•Industrial advances
•Increase in pay
•Decrease in working hours
•Science threatened religious beliefs
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
First water power and coal driven steam engines invented
Steel was invented and mass produced
This allowed teller buildings faster
aka skyscraper
The elevator was invented
New ideas in weaponry were thought up
Explosives now used ammonia the gas
Cheep dyes were found
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• Telegraph was invented allowing news to travel instantly
Used in armies and eventually every day houses
• Printing
Linotype machine mechanized typesetting
Lithography allowed for pictures to
be in papers
CONTINUED
• Started using natural gas (cheaper)
• Steam ships used petroleum
Kerosine, gasoline
• Electricity
Transmits power over long distance
Allowed plants and things to be located far away from civilization
FORMS OF ENERGY
-
application of Scientific Method to human behavior anthropology, psychology, sociology
-Theory of Evolution
-Struck at the heart of religion
-Religious leaders attacked new science
-Sociology= “science of society,” belief that human society could be studied, quantified, and understood like any other part of the natural world
THE SCIENCE OF SOCIETY
Auguste Comte= proposed the law of three stages, which explained history as the steady progress of humanity’s understanding of the world through rational observation
1. Theological- people explained the world with
reference to God
2. Metaphysical- belief in ideas as reality
3. Positive (positivism)- world would be explained be veritable scientific data and method, and all branches of human knowledge would come together in a unified scientific system
LAW OF THREE STAGES
Emile Durkheim= French sociologist influenced by positivism who used empirical methods and statistics to study society
empiricism= belief that all knowledge can be derived from scientific observation
Thought division of labor had positive effects on society (like separate organs working together for the good of the whole body)
Max Weber= German sociologist who studied the inner workings of authority and obedience; considered religious belief, charisma, and bureaucracy central influences on political and social life
Charisma successful political leaders
SCIENCE OF SOCIETY
Charles Darwin= English scientist who formulated the theory of natural selection
Traveled the world in the HMS Beagle, sketched and gathered samples of thousands of exotic species
NOT evolution (scientists before him came up with this)
Critics called him the “monkey man”
natural selection= theory that better-adapted species survive (and reproduce) while others are eliminated
Random mutations that enhanced survival played a key role in evolution
INFLUENCE OF CHARLES DARWIN
Gregor Mendel= Austrian monk credited with the discovery of the theory of genetic heredity
social Darwinists= theorists who applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human society
Herbert Spencer coined “survival of the fittest”
Society’s health depended on the strongest elements being allowed to develop themselves freely
Poor were blamed for their own poverty
INFLUENCE OF CHARLES DARWIN
eugenics= pseudoscience aiming to improve humanity be encouraging those with “desirable traits” (strong, intelligent, etc.) to reproduce; now discredited as racist
“racial superiority”
Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia= Russian ethnographer who studied Russian peasant life
INFLUENCE OF CHARLES DARWIN
• Dmitri Mendeleev came up with the periodic table
-Classified elements according to atomic weight and recurring properties
-Allowed chemists to predict characteristics of unknown elements
• Scientific advancements:
Electricity electric light bulb, phonograph
Radio waves radio
X-rays healthcare
CHEMISTRY AND THE NEW PHYSICS
Albert Einstein= German physicist most famous for his theory of relativity; reformulated physicists’ understanding of the universe
special theory of relativity= Einstein’s theory stating that as particles approach the speed of light, their speed cannot be predicted by
Newton’s laws of motion; rather that the speed of light is constant while distance and time are relative to the observer
Max Planck= German physicist and author of quantum theory (explained behavior of energy in an atom) who won a Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1918
Einstein and Planck showed that there was still so much to learn about time and space
CHEMISTRY AND THE NEW PHYSICS
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