business: security & privacy

Jeremy Hilton With contributions from

Pete Burnap and Anas Tawileh

  The way people work is changing – ubiquitous Internet access

  Web 2.0 technology and Cloud computing is supporting/driving a collaborative, on-demand culture

  Virtual Organisations are frequently used to support collaborative, distributed working   Government Services (Transformational Government)   Medical (Patient Records)   Research (e-Research)

  Inter-disciplinary organisations contribute content, others have access to the content

“In relation to rights, the Government believes piracy of intellectual property for profit is theft and will be pursued as such through the criminal law.”

“However, the Government also believes, and the evidence suggests, that most people, given a reasonable choice would much prefer not to do wrong or break the law…”

“Personal data is the new currency of the digital world. Privacy and security of that data is an increasingly critical issue. “

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h"p://blog.stop‐idfraud.co.uk/

h"p://www.guardian.co.uk/media/blog/2009/oct/12/ukcrime‐id‐the?‐rising

  All organisations are unique.   Each organisation has its own culture and history.   Each organisation is inhabited (and the processes are

undertaken) by its own unique group of people.   These people have their own perceptions,

(interpretation), of their role.   They have their own perceptions of the relationship of

their role to the organisation mission.   They have their own perceptions of the organisation

mission itself.

  The range and nature of the multiple perceptions, related to the people within an organisation, are not necessarily consistent or uni-directional. (This gives rise to personal agendas, politics, and potential inter-personal conflict).

  These multiple perceptions cannot be ignored in any description that tries to be relevant to a specific organisation.

  Most organisations are best described as a mess.

How can you think about a Prison as a Human Activity System ?   A system to remove rights and privileges

(punishment)   A system to control interaction between

offenders and the community (security)   A system to instil Society’s norms and values

(rehabilitation)   A system to enhance criminal activity (criminal

education)

  Reality is not any one of these views.   Reality is some mixture of these views.

There may be little (or no) agreement as to what this mixture is.

Ref: Anas Tawileh – PhD Thesis 2009

Business Purpose

Business Objectives

Information Needs

Information Systems

Information Technology

Business Processes

Prob

lem

Sp

ace

Solu

tion

Spac

e

Administration and infrastructure

Human resource management

Product/technology development

Inbound logistics

Operations Outbound logistics

Sales and marketing

Services

Value added – cost = MARGIN

Support Activities

Primary Activities

Procurement

• Can we enhance the value added by that activity? • Is there an opportunity to reduce the cost of that activity • Or eliminate that activity? • Can we use that activity to differentiate the organisation?

Porter, M. E., Competitive Advantage, The Free Press, 1985

Us Our distributors

Their retailers Our suppliers Their suppliers

Our competition

Demand information

Supply information

Consumer

Intranet Extranet Website

ERP

Ideas Product Roadmap

Order Fulfillment

Forecast

Contracts

Invoice

Requirements

P.O.s

Order

Contracts Customer

Operations

Supplier

Logistics

Finance

Sales & Mktg

Product Development

Support Product Info

Product

Finished Goods

Components & Materials

Finished Goods

Critical

Infr

astr

uctu

res

Copyright

Trademark

Government Law

Enforcement

Hackers

Privacy

The Death of the Perimeter

  (Banking) Business is conducted over networks –  Multitude of connection points –  Multitude of traffic types (protocols, content) –  Complication!

  Traditional perimeter security doesn’t scale: –  For filtering of addresses or protocols –  For management of multiple gateways

  Mobile & wireless technology (largely) ignores the perimeter control

  Most large corporates have leaky perimeters   Perimeter security does nothing about data flow and

residence

  Companies Act 2006   The Re-use of Public Sector Information Regulations 2005   Environmental Information Regulations 2004   Freedom of Information Act 2000   Electronic Communications Act 2000   Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000   Data Protection Act 1998   Computer Misuse Act 1990   Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988   Public Records Act 1967   Public Records Act 1958   Human Rights Act 1998   Software Licensing Regulations

As dependency grows … IT security important?

http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file45714.pdf

Controls are improving Security has changed

http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file45714.pdf

But some big exposures remain

  Confidential information is increasingly at risk, especially in large organisations

Most companies not doing enough

http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file45714.pdf

% of Enterprises in UK

SME

Large

Micro

Private Sector Employment

SME

Large

  Managers of SMEs are busy running their company, trying to survive in a very competitive environment

  They rarely address anything that is not a legislative or regulatory requirement, and even then will often only comply if there is a penalty for not doing so

  Will avoid spending money, and time is money, training is money

  Rarely buy in expertise, staff left to help each other and ‘learn on the job’

http://www.fsb.org.uk/policy/assets/inhibiting%20enterprise%20fsb%20fraud%20&%20online%20crime%20rpt.pdf

http://www.fsb.org.uk/policy/assets/inhibiting%20enterprise%20fsb%20fraud%20&%20online%20crime%20rpt.pdf

  Not killing customers (food industry)   Cash flow   New orders/repeat business   Staffing   Legislation, Regulation

  only so they can continue to trade   and directors not go to jail!

  … and where does information security & privacy fit in?

“you have zero privacy, get over it” Scott McNealy 1999

http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1999/01/17538

Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights that states:

Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence

  Process that enables organisations to   anticipate and address likely impacts of new

initiatives   Foresee problems   Negotiate solutions

  Manage risks   Design systems to avoid unnecessary privacy

intrusion

  Requirement by law   Requirement of government organisational

policy   Appreciation that project has significant

implications that should be subject of investigation

  Existing public concerns

ASSETS THREATS VULNERABILITIES

RISKS

COUNTERMEASURES

ANALYSIS

MANAGEMENT

Security Standards - Cobit, ISO 27001

  #2 Define the information architecture

andmuchmore..

  When developing policy(rules), it is critical to consider if and how they can be implemented.

  For example, if the policy is that:   employees who breach a security rule, say, disclose

information to someone unauthorised to see it, then they will be fired

  People generally do what they want to do, even at work.   Hopefully this aligns with the organisation’s

needs   incentivising ; or   applying suitable sanctions.

  May achieve short term benefit, but the change is short-lived unless

  fundamental change is achieved   staff have a belief in the desired result

  Staff need to be involved, trained and supported.

  Tools will be required in order to enable the desired controls on information and analysis/audit of use

  Accountability and responsibility of staff must be clearly defined and agreed.

Tell me and I’ll forget Show me and I’ll remember

Involve me and I’ll understand

Old Chinese saying

Adapting the creative commons approach for information classification and control

•  A set of licenses that are flexible enough to let you add as much or as little restrictions on you work as you like

•  Expressed in 3 different formats:

•  Lawyer-readable

•  Human-readable

•  Machine-readable

•  www.creativecommons.org

  A set of classifications that are flexible enough to enable to define and communicate the controls to be applied to your information

  May be combined with creative commons licenses

  Expressed in 3 different formats:   Security Officer-readable   Human-readable   Machine readable

  Use

  Integrity

  Confidentiality

  Authentication

CA – Community Access

RA – Restricted Access PI – Personal Information

OO – Organisation Only ND – Non-Disclosure

CG – Corporate Governance

SD – Safe Disposal

CU – Controlled Until

AB – Authorised By ND – Non-Derivatives

BY – Attribution cc

cc

AD – Approved for Disclosure

OA – Open Access

  The information is restricted to the nominated recipients

  The owner of the information will nominate the authorised recipients

  The owner may delegate responsibility for nominating authorised recipients

Restricted Access

  The information contains personal information and consideration must be made before sharing the information

  This classification is likely to be used in conjunction with other labels such as

Personal Information

cc

Avon & Somerset Criminal Justice Board - PRIMADS

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  Multi-Agency environment   Police   Courts Service   Probation Service   Lawyers   Social Services   Health, etc

  Offender management   Privacy issues in data shared during arrest,

prosecution and detention   Release under licence

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  Changing individuals’ behaviour such that:   the need for safe handling of information is

understood & accepted; and   controls agreed and applied

  Because the individuals choose to, not because they are told to.

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  ASCJS workshops confirmed the usefulness of the scenario-based risk assessment and icon-based approach for communicating controls

  Identified a number of additional benefits that contributed to an increased understanding of the distributed community and the need for controls

  In addition, they expressed an interest in the ability to implement a technical solution to provide fine-grained assess to data-sharing in a collaborative, distributed environment

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  Know your staff   Ensure all understand the business and the

part they play in it’s success   Be aware of your obligations   Discuss the issues and how they impact on the

critical parts of your business   Involve staff   Agree controls, ensure accountability from top

to bottom