building blocks of organic compounds madison southern high school biology unit - biochemistry

Building Blocks of

Organic Compounds

Madison Southern High SchoolBiology

Unit - Biochemistry

What is an organic

compound?

– C, H, N, O, P, S 98% of living matter

– Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn electron carriers

– Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca only as ions

– trace elements

Biochemistry

What are living things made of?

Why These 16?

– Unique chemical properties• C, N, O: form multiple strong bonds• P: part of ATP/DNA; bonds store

energy

• Most macromolecules are polymers– monomer– polymer– macromolecule

What is a polymer?

1) Carbohydrates2) Lipids3) Proteins4) Nucleic Acids

4 types of organic compounds

Essential for all living things

Monosaccharides

Bonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green

Draw the structures of the three Monosaccharides.

The three structures are isomers. What does that mean?

MonosaccharidesGLUCOSE

GALACTOSEBonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green

Carbohydrates

• contain C, H, O

• Important because they contain a great deal of energy which is stored in the bonds

• called sugar or saccharide

With energy from light, plants can

build sugars from carbon dioxide

and water.

1) Monosaccharide2) Disaccharide

3) Polysaccharide

3 Types of Carbohydrates

3 Types of Carbohydrates

1) Monosaccharide – monomer

- Single sugar made of 5 or 6 carbon atoms

Examples of Monosaccharides

Glucose

- main source of energy for plants and animals - metabolized during cellular respiration- plants make it during photosynthesis

2 More Monosaccharide's

Fructose Galactose

- Fruit sugar- Sweetest sugar

- milk sugar

Sucrose-common table sugar-this sugar is transported throughout the plant- formed when glucose & fructose react

Examples of Disaccharides

2. DisaccharidesTwo sugar molecule

…MORE Examples of Disaccharides

Lactose Maltose

- main sugar in milk- formed when glucose & galactose react

- used to make beer - formed when two glucose react

How to make a Disaccharide

Condensation or Dehydration synthesis reactions

Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis

of a Disaccharide

Formation of Disaccharides

How to digest or break down a disaccharide?

• Hydrolysis Reaction– Must use or split a water molecule

Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide

3. Polysaccharides

3) Polysaccharide – Polymer

- Made by condensation reactions- Bonding Many simple sugar molecules together to form the macromolecules

- Can be made of 1000s of monosaccharides

Examples of Polysaccharides

Humans cannot digest these polysaccharides

Cellulose Chitin

-made of long chains of glucose- major building blocks of plants-Gives strength and rigidity to plant cells

-made of long chains of glucose- Composes exoskeletons of insects-Similar to cellulose.

Structural

Polymers

3 Types of Carbohydrates

…MORE Examples of Polysaccharides

StarchAnimals can digest

GlycogenAnimals can digest

- made of long chains of glucose- plants store extra glucose sugar as starch in roots and stems

-Animals store excess glucose (sugar) in the liver as glycogen-Made of long chains of glucose molecules-Glycogen is broken down to release glucose (quick energy)

Storage Polyme

rs

How do digest or break down Polysaccharides?

By Hydrolysis Reactions

• Polysaccharides are digested by hydrolysis reactions just like disaccharides.

• Must use a water molecule for each bond broken between simple sugar molecules.

Examples of Carbohydrates

The small black granules (dots) are glycogen.

Lipids-Fats, Oils,Sterols

Glycerol – C3H5(OH)3

Saturated Fatty Acid – C5H11COOH

Unsaturated Fatty Acid – C5H9COOH

Monomers of Lipids

Bonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green

LOOK in your book on page 58

Lipids

-Fatty Acid – monomer

- COOH carboxyl group at one end (polar)

- Attracted to water (hydrophilic)

- Hydrocarbon end (nonpolar)

- tends not to interact with water (hydrophobic)

What is the difference betweensaturated and unsaturated fats?

Lipids

Liquids at room temperature - olive oil, corn oil.

Solid at room temperature - animal fats (bacon, lard, butter)

• At room temperature, saturated fats are usually solid.

• Source: primarily in animal products including beef, lamb, pork and chicken, egg yolk, dairy fats of cream, milk, cheese, butter; coconut and palm oil; non-dairy creams because they contain coconut oil

• Consumption of saturated fats has been linked with risk of coronary heart disease:– sources of saturated fat are full of

cholesterol (except coconut and palm oil) – diet high in saturated fat facilitates

cholesterol synthesis by the liver (including coconut and palm oil)

Saturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats•At room temperature, unsaturated fats are usually liquid.

•Monounsaturated•Sources: olive, peanut, canola, rape oil, almonds, avocado

•Polyunsaturated•Sources: sunflower, soybean, corn, and safflower oil, fish oil, walnuts, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, tofu, lard

Trans-unsaturated fatty acids (TFA)

• TFA are product of hydrogenation which increases the saturation of fatty acids within oils and converts natural cis to trans configuration

• Hydrogenation= industrial process that chemically transforms a low melting point oil into a solid fat with a higher melting point to enhance product taste, stability and shelf life.

• Found in commercially fried foods (French fries, popcorn), commercial baked goods and snacks (cakes, cookies, biscuits), margarine, and cheap vegetable shortenings (not in e.g. Flora, Rama).

• Trans-fatty acids have many adverse metabolic effects including elevation of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, reduction in HDL cholesterol, and adverse effects on endothelial function, inflammatory markers, and probably insulin resistance.

Types of Lipids

Phospholipids

• Lipids that are found in a membrane or barrier of a cell or cell structures - Used mainly

for structure

Lipids

Types of Lipids

Triglycerides

- Energy storage - High energy molecules (twice the energy found in glucose)

- Found in cells – cushions and insulates body and nerves

Made from 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails = triglyceride

Types of Lipids

Waxes

- Forms a barrier for protection

Ear waxWaxy leaves

Types of Lipids

Steroids

- Ring structures (no fatty acids)

- Animal hormones – testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

Proteins

• Polymers (polypeptides) are formed from 20 different monomers (amino acids)

• Structure of an amino acid

R groups (shaded white)determine the chemical properties of anamino acid

Amino Acids

Making a polypeptide chain•peptide bonds form between COOH and NH2

Amino acids build two types of proteins

1) Structural: This type is used in building structures in an organism

2) Chemical: This type gets involved in chemical reactions. Antibodies and enzymes perform chemical chores.

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

- Store important information in the cell

- Consist of nucleotides (monomer)

Nucleotide

-5 carbon sugar

-Phosphate group

-Nitrogen base

-Adenine

-Cytosine

-Thymine

-Guanine

DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of monomers

(nucleotides)

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

DNA contains information essential for cell activities.

Nucleic Acids

RNA stores and

transfers information necessary for making proteins.

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

A nucleotide

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

A nucleotide

- Primary energy source for the cell

- Key to ATP’s usefulness 3 phosphate groups

Let’s Read ATP, Your Rechargeable Battery

Review

Carbohydrates

What is the polymer?

What is the monomer?

Polysaccharide Cellulose

Starch Glycogen

Monosaccharide

Review

Lipids

What is the polymer?

What is the monomer?

Lipids

Fatty Acids

Review

Nucleic Acids

What is the polymer?

What is the monomer?

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acids DNA

RNA

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

SUGAR

P

BASE

What is the polymer?

Review

Proteins

What is the monomer?

Amino Acids

Polypeptides