broadcast journalism

GROUP 6 : RADIO NEWS COVERAGE

I. STORY TREATMENT1. BREAKING STORY (RUNNING STORY)

- is a story that develops quickly with new information coming in

2. NEWS FLASH (BULLETIN)- getting news on air almost as quickly as it happens, and sometimes while it is still happening

3. HEADLINE- brief summary of the main points of the story

4. COPY STORY- amplified version of the four line headline, giving the story in more detail, but without and accompanying interview (actuality)

5. VOICER OR VOICE REPORT – avoids repeat of copy story• HOLDING MATERIAL

6. TEASER (TASTER)- The teaser is an enigmatic abbreviated headline used at

the start of a bulletin or news programme to act as a lure by giving a taste of the story to come

7. VOICE REPORT FROM THE SCENE- reporter places himself close enough to the action to pick

up the sound of the rescue operation, yet not so close as to interfere with the work of rescuers

8. INTERVIEW- The interview adds more depth to the story and permits a

further exploration of a story and gives an opportunity for informed comment.

9. NEWS CLIP- The most newsworthy quote form an interview is usually

edited from it to provide a short illustration to go with the story in a later bulletin

10. PACKAGE- A package usually comprises a cue and a couple of

short interviews and links

11. MINI-WRAP- is a forty-five seconds (or forty seconds) report that

requires some ‘creative’ editing to cut the actuality while still making sense of the narrative.

RADIO OR TELEVISION FORMATS

1.Written copy/ Voicers- a story without actuality or sound-bites

*Sound-bites/actuality

some sort of sound effects from the event that is covered

2. Wrap- AroundA news anchor briefly introduces a story and the reporter. The reporter then gives the story and includes a sound-bite. The sound-bite is followed by the reporter giving a conclusion or “tag line”.

3.Mini-documentary- A story runs for more than a minute, some run for fifteen minutes.

-They include several sound-bites with a variety of sources and sounds, such as interviews, noise from events or even music

-Short lead-in will be introduced by news anchor that sets up what the listener is about to hear.

OTHER RADIO PROGRAM FORMATS

• Documentary

• Radio Magazine Program

• Radio Drama

• Musical

• Commentary

• Talk Show

• Broadcast News

• Radio Features

NATURE OF RADIO

• It is a personal companion

• Theater in mind• Not for detailed

information• Competes with a lot of distractions

• Radio is mobile• Production cost is relatively low

RADIO SCRIPTWRITING

• Writing for the ear

• Using short sentences

• Conversational

• Following a subject-verb-object order

• News must always be present tense.

IMPORTANCE OF SCRIPTWRITING

• Smooth continuity of the program

• Aids in proper program timing

• Ensures accuracy of information

• Helps in presenting information in an organized manner

TYPES OF SCRIPTS

1) News Script

2) Interview Script

3) Spot announcements

4) Program Script

5) Drama Scripts

MECHANICS OF SCRIPT FORM1. Title Page

-contains name of station, date and time of the broadcast

2.Left-hand Portion

-has the title of the program, person involved & respective roles

MECHANICS OF SCRIPT FORM

3. Inside Pages(RDIO SCRIPT FORMAT)

• Paper Size –most common is 8.5”x6.5” or the half page of a legal size paper.

• Slug – contains the title of the article, title of the program, date of writing/Name or initials of the writer etc. (Basics of the program)

• Pagination - is the process of dividing (content) into discrete pages or now called page break.

• Typescript spacing – The standard spacing for typing radio scripts is double spaced

• Program title – The program title is separated by three dots or slashes, and then the page number is typed thrice

• Always start at number 1 for every new page

• Spoken lines – Use capital and lower case letters. Traditionally radio scripts are typed in uppercase

• All non-spoken lines/instructions/character labels – are in capital letters

• BIZ (“Business”) statements are in all caps and underlined

• Line numbers at the left of the page are to aid recording while the MORE/END at the centered end of the page indicates if anything else will follow or not.

• The overhang or indention makes it easier for the talents or news reader to see where their lines start and end.

Example: (News Script)State DinnerSaksiOctober 21, 2009/ F. Gaga

U.S. President Barrack Obama plans a state dinner for President Aquino on November 18, in New York. White House Spokesman Angelina Pot says Obama wants to salute Pnoy for doing a great job.

Pot cited that………..

End

EDITING RADIO SCRIPTSReasons for Editing

• To check for factual and grammatical errors

• To check for broadcast style

• To check for readability

• To check for length

BROADCAST STYLE

• Always be in active voice and use present tense• Titles come before names• Avoid abbreviations• Avoid direct quotations and attribution

should come before a quotation • Use as little punctuations as possible

but enough to help the newscaster through the copy

• Numbers and statistics should be rounded off• Personalize the news when possible and

appropriate• Avoid using symbols when you type, spell out

words so there will be no mistakes on the part of the news reader

• Use phonetic spelling for unfamiliar and hard to pronounce names and words

• Avoid pronouns, and when it can’t be avoided make sure that referents are clear to the listener

• Avoid dependent clause at the beginning of sentences

CHECKING FOR READABILITY

• Avoid tongue twisters

• Avoid confusing words

• Avoid long sentences

CHECKING FOR LENGHT

• 10 seconds - 25 words

• 20 seconds - 45 words

• 30 seconds - 65 words

• 45 seconds - 100 words

• 60 seconds - 125 words

EXTRA TIPS AND WARNINGS• Keep it fresh

• All copy should be typed and double-spaced.

• Date the first page of the script

• Indent all paragraphs

• Don't use semicolons and write out abbreviations

• Use underlines for emphasis and dashes for long pauses

• Avoid technical terms or jargon

• Fact check

• Don't be careless

• Limit the amount of figures

• Use the active voice

• Stick to the story

• Be objective in your writing

Never PLAGARIZE

III. EQUIPMENTRADIO EQUIPMENT

What is Radio Equipment?

is any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment that is used to communicate over a distance by modulating and radiating electromagnetic waves in space without artificial guide.

Radio Equipment also means any radio apparatus, including broadcasting equipment.

- Federal Information Management Regulations

RADIO EQUIPMENT LIST

The list contains a number of equipment which has been certified for use in a certain country.

Certification of radio equipment means that the equipment complies with established Radio Standards Specifications requirements, in accordance with Radio Standards Procedure.

The frequency range of equipment approved under some specifications may be beyond the frequency range of a specific application. Frequency assignments are controlled by a department through the licensing process.

TYPES OF RADIO EQUIPMENT(from the List from the Certification and Engineering Bureau of Canada)

Very High Frequency (VHF) transponder: or radio frequency identification, a transponder is a device that emits an identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal

VHF radiotelephone Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

Advanced Wireless Services (1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz)

Aeronautical (117.975 – 137 MHz) AM Land-Mobile and/or Fixed Radio Transmitter

and Receiver (1.705–50,0 MHz) Amplifier and/or Band Translator Analogue Scanner Receiver Auditory Assitance

BETS-1, 4, 5, 6,8, 9 – Broadcast Transmitters for AM & FM

Bluetooth Device Broadband Public Safety Equipment (4940–

4990 MHz) Broadband Radio Service (2500–2690 MHz) Cable Locating Device

Cellular Base (869–894 MHz) Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) Systems Cellular Mobile Citizen Band (26.960 to 27.410 MHz) Coast and Ship Station SSB Transmitter and

Receiver (1.605–28.0 MHz) Cordless Telephone (2.4 GHz) / (5.8 GHz) /

(900 MHz)

Digital Scanner Receiver Emergency Position Indicating Radio

Beacon Family Radio Service Device (FRS) Field Disturbance Sensor Fixed Radio Transmitter and Receiver

(27.41–960 MHz) Fixed Wireless Access System (3400–

3700 MHz)

General Mobile Radio Service Device (GMRS)

GMDSS — Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

Goods Tracking Device Land and Coast Transmitter (200–535 kHz) Land Mobile and Fixed Equipment (1670–

1675 MHz) Land-Mobile Transmitter and Receiver

(27.41–960 MHz)

License Exempt PCS Device (2 GHz) Limited Modular Approval LMS — Location and Monitoring Service

(902–928 MHz) Local Area Network (LAN) Device Local Multipoint Communication

System (28 GHz)

Low Power Device and Transmitters (and General Field Limits)

Maritime Radio Transmitter and Receiver (156–162.5 MHz)

MCS — Multipoint Communication Systems (1427–1430 MHz, 1493.5–1496.5 MHz)

Medical Telemetry

Mobile Broadband Service (MBS) (698–756 and 777–787 MHz)

Mobile Earth Station Modular Approval Multipoint & Point-to-Point Com.Sys.

(2150–2160/2500–2596/2686–2690 MHz)

PCS Base (1930–1990 MHz)

PCS Mobile (1850–1910 MHz) PCS Narrowband (901–902 MHz, 930-

931 MHz and 940–941 MHz) Personal Locator Beacon Point-to-Multipoint Broadband

Equipment (512–608 MHz) and (614–698MHz)

Point-to-Point and/or Point-to-Multipoint Communication System (24, 38, 57–64GHz)

Proximity Reader Radar Device Receiver Remote Control Device RFID Device

Security Device / Alarm System Spread Spectrum/Digital Device Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Device Vehicle Device Video Device Wi-Fi device Wireless Audio device

Wireless Broadband Access (3650–3700 MHz) Restricted Contention Protocols

Wireless Broadband Access (3650–3700 MHz) Unrestricted Contention Protocols

Wireless Communications Service (2305–2320 MHz, 2345–2360 MHz)

Wireless Computer Peripherals

Wireless Headset Wireless Microphone Wireless Video or Data Device (54–

806 MHz) WLAN