brief-note of jica projects republic of china, capacity
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One of the socio-economic problems China now
confronting is short supply of such resources as
water, energy etc. China has the largest national
population in the world (territorial area of 9.6
million km2, national population of 1.31 billion as of
2006), and demand for resources has rapidly been
expanding in accompany with economic growth.
Accordingly, as far as actually available resources
per capita are concerned, the per-caput levels of
many important resources are lower than those of
world average.
Above all, water, indispensable for human life and
economic activities, has been seriously in short.
Though the annual mean quantity of water
resources is ranked 3rd in the world, annually
supplied amount of water per capita is as low as
one-fourth of the world average. Among around 600
cities in China, two-thirds have been suffered from
water insufficiency. In rural areas, arable land of
about 200,000 km2 has annually suffered from
drought where 24 million inhabitants have problem
of potable water insufficiency. On the other hand,
every year flood damages have been reported in
various regions in China, thus vulnerability is
conceivable in coping with national disasters. In
other words, it can be said that outstandingly biased/
heterogeneous distribution of rainfall and stream
water can been observed both in terms of time and
space.
Recognizing such socio-economic features, China
has constructed many dams throughout the country,
Brief-Note of JICA Projects
Republic of China, Capacity Development Project for Management Plan of Dam in China - Capacity development of staff operating large- and medium scaled dams in China
Workshop on Operation Manual(November 2009)
1. Background and Issues of the Project
PJ Model Dam Sites
PanJiaKou dam,
DaHeiTing dam
LuBu dam
LuShui dam
LiuDuZhai dam
Location Map of Model Dam Sites
2
counting 98,0021, in order to procure water resources
for increasing population and accelerated economic
development. In contrast with the number of dams
in Japan, 2,892 including those completed April,
2008 or later (according to Dam List): China has
about 30 times as much dams as those in Japan.
Considering the ratio of national territories (0.38
million km2 of Japan, or ratio 1:25), this figures
shows how rapidly the number of dams has been
increased.
Many of Chinese dams were constructed during
the period of 1950s ~1970s, implying that 50 ~ 60
years has elapsed since their construction, thus
problems on functions of facilities by dilapidation etc
have been arising.
Coping with these problems, China has
rehabilitated and repaired them in the period of 10th
(2001 ~ 2005) as well as 11th (2006 ~ 2010) five-year
plans investing huge amounts of 29.8 billion Yuan in
10th and 34.8 billion Yuan in 11th 5-year plan,
respectively, or 64.6 billion Yuan (equivalent to
around 970 billion Yen) in total. In addition, as
measures for improper operation/ management of
dams or for dilapidation of facilities, China has
taken effect of such regulations as “Ordinance on
safety management of reservoirs (1991)” and has
issued “Strengthening safety management of
reservoirs (2006)” thus striving for their diffusion.
In this respect, the system of safety operations of
or comprehensive technology for risk management is
not enough in China; urgent need arises to extend
techniques on proper operation/ management of
dams. Under such circumstances, Ministry of Water
1 Reference: Ministry of Water Use and National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China “Bulletin of First National Census for Water 2011”. The number of large-scaled dam is 756, medium scaled dam is 3,938 and small scaled dam is 93,308.
Use of China requested Japan to provide technical
cooperation on the operation and management of
dams in August 2007. After the completion of
detailed design thereof in January 2008, this Project
has been started since September 2009. The project
aims at taking measures on a soft-ware basis to
strengthen knowledge and capacity of those who
operate and manage dams.
(1) System of the project implementation
System of Chinese side: Human Resource
Development Center under Ministry of Water Use is
responsible for the coordination and management of
this Project. Under the instruction of Construction
Management Officer of the Ministry of Water use,
Human Resource Development Center provides
coordination with such stakeholder organizations as
network agencies of Ministry of Water Use, Dam
Safety Management Center, Model Dams, each
Water-shed & Dam Management Sector etc. and
planning of training courses.
Dam Safety Management Center of Ministry of
Water Use, the headquarters of which is located in
Nanjing jointly manages the Project who provides
technically advices to the Project.
System of Japanese Side: Japanese Team consists
of a long-term expert team regularly stationing in
Beijing during the Project period and a short-term
one who provides advices on specific items. The
former takes charge of planning and management of
the entire Project, while the latter gives technical
advices on the process thereof.
2. Approach to solve the Problems
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4
methods of dam management and providing a dam
management manual.
4 sub-committees and 6 working groups are
established under manual provision sub-committee
as shown below:
2. Identification on the standards of dam
management in China and in Japan, institutions
and manuals
In China, national level laws, “Water law” and
“Flood control law” are regulated by The National
People’s Congress or its Standing Committee. Under
these laws, administrative regulations regulated by
the State Council, Sector Rule regulated by the
Ministry and Standards for technical requirement
issues necessary for unification are consolidated.
Even number of collected laws/ standards/
regulations is more or less than 100, thus laws/
standards/ regulations in China are well
consolidated.
Although laws/ regulations/ standards related to
dam management has gradually been consolidated,
but systematically and comprehensively edited
manual has not yet been available. Accordingly, it
has become clear the standards with binding force
were not required but dam management manual
with supporting those standards was required.
3. Real situations and issues found in dam
operation / management in China are made clear by
referring to such data/ information as existing
standards, existing manuals and literatures etc.
The tasks for dam management have been
clarified as shown in Fig. 4 in the workshops in
which related Chinese engineers gathered.
4. Real situations and issues found in dam
operation / management in China are made clear by
the site survey in 4 model sites in HeBei Province,
HuBei Province, HuNan Province and ZheJiang
Province and also through exchanging opinions with
the managers of these dams who are engaged
therein.
Fig-3. Organization Chart of the Dam Management Manual Provision Committee
【Superior Goal】 Diffusing dam management manual throughout China thereby improving the level of dam operation and management 【Project Goal】 Capacity of the trainees in charge of managing large- and medium- scaled dams in China who trained in the Project training is improved. 【Outputs】 Output1: Dam management manual (draft) is provided. Output 2: Proposals to the revision of dam the management manual are summarized. Output 3: Training is carried out by using dam management manual (draft). Chinese dam managers understand Chinese and Japanese dam management techniques, thereby acquiring proper methods of dam management.
Fig-2. Framework of the Project
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5. Really necessary but currently insufficient
articles are clarified through scrutinizing the
existing Chinese dam management manuals.
① Almost all the existing manuals do not
comprehensively cover overall components of
operational/ managing works of the existing dams,
although innumerable standards are available by
theme.
② In the existing standards, no schematic or readily
understandable explanatory example is
accompanied.
③ In the existing standards, there found cases of
providing concrete operational standard/ figures is
indicated.
6. Examination is made on Japanese dam
management manuals so as to understand the
methods of operating/ managing Japanese dams.
The following is the proposed concrete method of
the examination.
① Need of Chinese side is learned through reports
on training in Japan and views exchanged in the
training, discussions in the sub-committee of manual
provision etc.
② Extraction, arrangement and translation of such
Chinese references as manuals, literatures and case
studies by Japanese experts.
③ Summarizing them as case-collection of Japanese
dam management.
7. Deepening understanding on Japanese dam
management through training of Chinese staff in
Japan.
Considerable progress has made in the
understanding of Chinese staff on Japanese dam
management after 8 courses in total of training in
Japan throughout the Project Period.
In particular, interests of Chinese staff were
concentrated on the referred Japanese cases on
“Dam management at an exigency state”,
“Environment conservation”, “explicit share of roles
and costs bearing among stakeholders on dam
management”, “Publishing on roles of dams” etc.
Since the Government of China emphasized resource
saving and environmental conservation, as basic
national policy in the 18th National Congress
(November 2012), Chinese interest on water quality
Site observation of storage dams & exchanging views
6
and conservation of ecologic system has been raised.
8. Taking the above cited activities into
consideration, the team realzed current situations
and issues on Chinese dam management, so as to
arrange knowledge and concrete contents of works
required for providing the adequate project
activities.
The following was identified as required
knowledge and concrete contents of works through
the discussions in the sub-committee of dam
management manual provision, workshops and the
occasion of exchanging views at the model dams:
9. Provision of dam management manual (draft)
Japanese experts provided the original draft of
dam management manual based on information
obtained through the above-mentioned activities. On
the basis of this draft, the draft manual was refined
in collaboration with Chinese engineers taking
opinions in the appraisal sub-committee into
account.
(4) Test operation at the model dams and the
proposals on the revision of the dam management
manual.
Contents of the activities: “PanJiaKou Dam” in
HeBei Province, “LuShui Dam” in Hubei Province,
“LuBu Dam” in Zhejiang Province and “LiuDuzhai
Dam” in Hunan province were participated in the
testing as model dams where testing activities were
deployed in these dams. More concretely, 1)
Japanese dam managing techniques were tested by
applying them to the corresponding individual issues
in PanJiaKou Dam and in LuShui Dam, and 2)
testing application of the entire dam management
manual to all four model dams. The objective of this
testing was put in the identification of the effect of
Japanese dam management techniques to Chinese
dams and also in elucidating issues arising from the
manual application to them.
Characreristics of the model dams : PanJiaKou
Dam and in LuShui Dam are managed/ controlled by
“HaiHou Water-Use Committee” and “ChangJiang
Water-Use Committee”, respectively, while Lubu
dam and LiuDuZhai Dam are under the jurisdiction
of regional water-use sector ( YuYao City in ZheJiang
Province and ShaoYang City in HuNan Province).
Since these dams have zonal features that can serve
Outline of training in Japan
7
as models for other areas and also have capacity of
project implementation, they have been selected as
models as proposed by Chinese side. Many of the
Stakeholders of these dams have participated in a
series of project activities and training in Japan.
State of activity development: Examination on
individual issues had initially been carried out in all
four model dams, but later characters of these dams
and project budget were reviewed to judge the
feasibility. As a result, it was finally decided in the
2nd Joint Coordination Committee (JCC) held in
Novemver 2012 that the test trials with the input of
introducing and applying Japanese managerial
techniques as well as equipment/ materials should
firstly applied to LuShui Dam for “establishing a
system of warning system to the downstream
watershed” and also to PanJiaKou Dam for
“countermeasures to deterioration of structure by
freezing and thawing effect”. As regards 2) test
application of dam management manual has been
carried out at all four model dams.
(5) Provision of training with a dam management
manual for Chinese managers of dams
Chinese side drafted a training plan in line with
the contents of dam management manual by each
theme after the practice of making plan in
collaboration with Japanese expert. Cadre members
of Ministry of Water Users and researchers of Dam
Safety Management Center who participated in
training in Japan took charge of lecturer and
Japanese experts were dispatched for introducing
cases of Japanese dam management.
(6) Implementation Schedule
Implementation schedule is shown in following
table. Much time has been consumed for activities of
Output 1.
(7) Evaluation of the Project
Project was rated as “high” in terms of all 5
evaluation aspects in final evaluation at project
completion.
(1) Provision of the dam management manual
For this provision, the purpose of providing the
dam management manual, the composition of the
contents and concrete description in the manual etc
were examined in a committee and working group
meetings held by the participation of Chinese
stakeholders related to dam management.
The dam management manual consisted of a
main text and a separately edited case collection of
Japanese dam management, of which the first draft
of the main text was provided in July 2011. After
several, repeated revising works, with the approval
of the Appraisal Sub-committee of Dam
Management Manual Provision Committee of
Ministry of Water Use, it was formally published
from HouHai Publishing Firm in May 2012. Though
Result of materializing approaches
8
it had originally been scheduled to include Japanese
example cases on Japanese dam management
technologies in the main text, it was finally put into
a separate edition for reference to be used for
domestic training, due to the time limit after
consuming long period of revising works.
In providing the manual, Japanese experts took
part in preparing the draft, while Dam safety
Management Center of Ministry of Water Use
provided technical knowhow and Human Resources
Development Center thereof, as counterpart of this
Project, took charge of the entire coordination of the
related activities including coordination of manual
committee and sub-committees.
(2) Application test of the manual at model dams
Eestablishing of a warning system to the
downstream watershed: Training in Japan led to
participant’s growing interest focused on Japanese
managerial method with the priority on safety.
Although the interest was also concentrated on this
method in other model dams, the trial was made
only in LuShui Dam because its management
organization has high capacity of operation and
maintenance after introducing the system and high
demontrative effect is also expected at this dam.
In this damsite, a warning station for downstream
watershed etc was established, thus a modern
warning system for downstream watershed has been
created coupled with another management system
independently introduced by LuShui Dam managing
organization. It is expected that operational rules
will be upgraded during the process of the system
operation.
Countermeasures to degradation of structure by
freeazing and thawing deterioration: Deterioration
of concrete by freeazing and thawing effect has been
a task to find solution in concrete structures in cold
areas of northern China. Repairing work had been
made in Panjiakou Dam, but no proper treatment
was so far resulted. It was decided to try repairing
again in this Project by means of both Chinese and
Japanese materials. At first, it had been planned to
import RF thick-smearing mortar as a repairing
material with high viscosity for the repairing work
at such part of steep gradient as overflowing crest in
the spillway. However, as it contains a component
that is a contraband material in China, the plan was
altered to import polymer cement mortar and a
surface modifier from Japan (though these had not
been included in the original plan), and deteriorated
Dam management manual and a scene of publishing ceremony of the manual (in May 2012)
Warning system to the downstream area at Lushui Dam(Left) Warning Station at the downstream (Right)Central Management Office
9
part was repaired with plastering these materials.
Due to delay of custom clearance, the work started
as late as November 2012, resulting in the
construction and curing during severely cold winter.
As a result, hexagonal cracking appeared over the
repaired part. In the following year, repairing work
was re-tried by utilizing surface covering material of
polyurea that is available in China and again with
Japanese materials. As a result, an evaluation was
made in which the work with Japanese materials
brought the best quality in the test trial among the
repairing experiences obtained in the past by
Chinese side with polymer-cement mortar, though
hairy cracking slightly appeared on the surface. This
result also did not pose any mechanical problem at
the laboratorial test. As to the flexibility against
freeazing and thawing effect, it will be verified after
several years with severe winter.
(3) Domestic training and Remote training
In total, domestic training with the provided dam
management manual was carried out 6 times in
which total number of participants was counted at
480, all of whom passed the completion test.
Outline of domestic training
Date(place) Theme No. of participants
4th Dec.(Wuhan) Controlled operation/ maintenance of dam reservoir
97
‘5th Dec. (Nanjing) Safety monitoring and maintenance repairing
69
‘8th Dec. (Sianing) Management of dam reservoir and its surroundings
77
‘11th Dec. (Hanzhou) Informatization/ automation of dam management
75
‘13th Mar.(Zhangjiajie) Exigent (Crises) management of dams
104
13th Mar.( Guilin) Water quality management of dam reservoir
58
In this context, Japanese lecturers were
dispatched and lectured in these training courses for
the purpose of introducing Japanese dam
management with such contents as “Controlled
operation of dam”, “Safety management of Japanese
dams”, Japanese dam’s approach to environment”,
“Water quality conservation and monitoring of
Japanese dams” etc. Besides, a symposium was held
in May 2012 with an objective of sharing the latest
knowledge on dam management between Chinese
and Japanese sides. In the symposium, two
Japanese experts presented on 4 agendas, in which
presentation was made from Japanese side on
“State of damages on dams caused by the 2011 off
the pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake in Japan” and
“An approach to rationalized measurement on
deformation of fill-type dams”. In addition, an
on-line remote reaching educational text was
prepared from dam management manual and texts
for domestic training. Thereby, it is expected that
further training for dam managers is continued even
after the completion of the Project.
(4) Proposals to the revision of the manual
Proposals towards the revision of the manual has
The site of constructing concrete repairing work at Panjiakou Dam and state of curing
10
been briefed as follows through the examinations of
Appraisal Sub-committee by analyzing such
references as the result of a questionnaire to the
participants of domestic training, a survey on the
opinions of revising dam management manual,
another questionnaire study on current status of
utilizing the existing dam management manuals,
report on training in Japan etc.
No particular necessity of revising the provided
manual arises since it does not contain any
evident error or omission, or no radical change
made in the existing standards at the examined
stage.
It is anticipated that dam management will
shift to a new stage by the revision of
“Regulation on safety management of dams” in
2015 or so. It will be timely to revise it coincided
with such a shift. Also, as to the revision, it is
advised that an examination assembly by
experts is necessary, similar to the case of this
manual provision, in revising the manual.
(1) Elicitation of self-initiative and mutual
collaboration among stakeholders
Project stakeholders comprise people of
geographically and organizationally diverse origins,
also counting fairly large number. Therefore,
unification of their awareness/ consciousness was
considered as the top-priority policy issue. In order
to encourage them to involve themselves as the
persons of direct concern, though it takes a long time,
various activities were provided around the Human
Resources Development Center, including site visits
to model dams and Dam-safety Management Center
etc and the following discussions/ consultations, also
workshops by Committees and working groups.
Chinese side provided making the dam management
manual generally purchasable publishing for its
wider and easier diffusion even after the completion
of the Project. Besides, it has continued the training
for developing managerial capacity of dam staffs,
also making such devices toward aggressive
extension as providing on-line lessons taking
account of accessibility of dam managing
organizations scattered over the entire territory.
These are considered as a manifestation of
self-initiative of Chinese side.
It is expected that the established network among
stakeholders in this Project is also effective on the
revision of the dam management manual, judging
from the predominant opinions in which the fact
that the established linkage among Chinese
stakeholders of dams in this Project was highly
evaluated at the occasion of appraisal meeting on the
proposals to the revision thereof.
(2) Sufficient mutual understanding at the stage of
detailed plan formulation
Unified understanding on the dam management
manual to be provided in this Project had not been
made between Chinese and Japanese sides. At the
initial stage of the Project, this basic discrepancy
between both sides fairly caused inducing confusion,
affecting the later progress of the Project activities.
In particular, as linguistic difference of nuance, at
the stage of detailed plan formulation, “manual” had
been translated into Chinese meaning “guiding rule”
with a binding force, but later, in the manual
ultimately provided at the stage of intermediate
4.Devices/ lessons in implementing 3.
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evaluation, it was agreed that it meant just
“manual” . The study on detailed plan formulation
should have been implemented with ample spare
time so as to deepen and share understanding with
the counterpart staff, which would have led
eventually to more rational activities without much
wasting time.
In this project, the team made efforts to manage
to reach consensus among stakeholders through
workshop and other occasions including induction of
self-initiative among stakeholders as mentioned
above.
(3) Earlier confirmation on role-sharing
Provision of “dam management manual” carried out
in this Project required participation of a host of
stakeholders gathering from vast areas. It was really
felt essential in efficiently summarizing advices/
knowledge of these stakeholders and in obtaining
highly valuable outputs to share image of the
desirable outputs with them, to explicitly clarify the
individual role-sharing among them thus obtaining
their prior understanding to the actual work.
Because dam-stakeholders of Chinese side have
routine work/ services of actual dam management
they would have difficulty in sparing time for
directly drafting a part of dam management manual,
and this is why Japanese experts played role of
drafting it. Since very many standards on dam
management were available in Chinese side, so it
took formidable time to translate them into
Japanese. In addition, documents provided by
Japanese who have different life-style/ customs from
those in China had a lot of points to brush-up.
This work for brushing up the drafts could be
performed by receiving much support from retired
researchers of Dam Safety Management Center etc.
Besides, in the process of summarizing advices/
proposals on the revision of the manual, they took
charge of nuclear-part of the work thus provided a
great contribution thereto. Whether it’s able to
procure adequate supporters in the earlier stage of
the project activities or not, is considered as an
important determinant to the outcome of the Project.
(4) Schedule of testing activities
Test trials of Japanese dam management at model
dams were carried out in the 4th year of the Project
period affected by a delay attributable to the
drafting work of dam management manual. It is
imperative to formulate activity plans with ample
spare time fully considering the limitation of the
project period in order to verify the result of test trial,
considering countermeasures as necessary and
promotion of introduced technology.
(5) Coordination of other projects
Water quality management in the dams poses a task
in the future. Water quality conservation was one of
the highly interested themes in the test trial issues
at model dams. However, it was anticipated that this
theme had to be pursued for a long time. Thus,
coordination with JICA “The project for
Development of the Capacity on Water
Environmental Management in Heihejinpan Dam
River Basin (Year 2012 – 2015)” that has been
implemented with the major theme of water quality
conservation was sought. In concrete, the expert of
“Heihejinpan” project serves as a lecturer of the
domestic training of this Project, thus introducing
lessons learnt in his project to trainees. It is
expected that information on the activities in
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“Heihejinpan” project is supplied to this project as
references for training activities Chinese side
hereafter plans to continue.
(Project period thereof: September 2009 ~ December
2013)
References:
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
(2013) “Capacity Development Project for
Management Plan of Dam in China” Report of
Detailed Plan Formulation
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
(2013) “Capacity Development Project for
Management Plan of Dam in China” Report of
Intermediate Review,
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
(2013) “Capacity Development Project for
Management Plan of Dam in China” Report of Final
Evaluation at project Completion
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