brentwood technical papers thermal performance
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Thermal Performance
OrderNumber
Title Author Date
Simulation of
Air Flow
Distribution
and
Performance of
Cooling Tower
Partha Nag, AGM
(CENPEEP),
NTPC Ltd and Dr.
PMV Subba Rao,
Mechanical
Engineering
Department, IIT
Delhi
2015
Abstract: A program code developed for
prediction of performance of NDCT
based on manufacturer's performance
curve. Development of a simulation code
using CFD for detailed zone wise analysis
of air flow and performance of cooling
tower is carried out which is the limitation
of program code. Development of drift
measurement device which is very useful
for measurement of drift as well as DBT
and WBT of outlet air of cooling tower is
carried out. Validation of the simulation
using CFD is carried out with
experimental result like cold water
temperature at bottom, air temperature
and air velocity and amount of drift in air
at measured plane shows a good accuracy
of the present simulation. Development of
modified water flow distribution is done
which shows improved performance.
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Off-design performance analysis of
cooling tower shows a detailed
relationship of performance parameters
with operating parameters. Comparison of
CFD simulation with program code also
shows a good match with design data.
This study, along with the analysis of field
data is expected to result in concrete
recommendation to overcome the field
level problem in performance evaluation
and thus improved performance.
Preventive
Maintenance
for Cooling
Towers
Utilizing
Gamma
Scanning
Technology
Paul Chila,
Quantum
Technical Services,
LLC
2014
Abstract: One of the most common
questions asked concerning high
efficiency cooling towers is “how do we
know what is happening inside the fill
section?” Quantum Technical Services
has developed and patented a gamma
scanning technical to address this
question directly. Utilizing a gamma scan
of the fill section, we calculate the bulk
density of all material in the fill. This
technology, applied over several scans ona tower over time, has proven to be the
most informative and cost effective
method to determine the effectiveness of
chemical treatment and help guide
treatment companies in their treatment
strategies.
Good Practices
in Cooling
Towers:
Comparison
Between
Industrial
Audits
Salvador Avila
Filho and Zara
Marques
Rodrigues De
Jesus,
Universidade
Federal Da Bahia
2013
Abstract: The integration of cooling
Towers with processes and wastewater
indicates that a better performance in
cooling systems gives benefits for whole
production including thermal energy
targets. The audit in cooling towers and
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systems combines thermal behavior
analysis, mass/energy balances, field
verifications, interviews, and procedures
review. The goal of techniques is
detecting restrictions to the use of entire
capacity of the cooling tower. The
comparison between cooling towers’
audit in chemical, metallurgical and
petroleum industry shows potential to
energy recovery by each technology. This
paper presents: method that decrease
energy and water losses; and guideline –
good practices for cooling tower
maintenance.
Impact of
Cooling Water
Temperature on
Plant
Performance
Magose Abraham
Eju, Nigeria
Liquefied Natural
Gas (NLNG)
2013
Abstract: Cooling water play a very vital
role in the performance of a plant in
terms of the energy utilization /
optimization, production and financial
earnings (the bottom-line) of the business.
The water temperature sets the
temperature levels of a water-cooled
plant, process or system and hence, its
energy utilization, operating costs and/or
savings. It is therefore, important to get
the cooling water at the right temperatureto ensure optimal performance /
efficiency of a plant. This paper uses a
real-life problem that occurred at the
Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas plant as a
case study to show how the performance
of a cooling tower impacts the cooling
water temperature and hence the overall
performance of a water-cooled plant
Research on
Reducing
Recirculation
Influence of
Warm,
Saturated Air
Discharged
from Cooling
Towers
Liu Zhenyan,
Jiangsu Seagull
Cooling Tower
Co., Ltd
2013
Abstract: The researches show that the
recirculation ratio is related to length of
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cooling tower row, distance between
tower rows, tower structure and wind
velocity and angle included between long
axis of tower row and wind direction.
Aim to defects of present calculated
modes for cooling tower recirculation, a
new formula for the warm, saturated air
recirculation is presented through
simulate experiments and site running test
for cooling tower groups. According to
the new formula, the calculated results
are accordance with tested values at site.
The formula can be used to optimize
layout of cooling tower group.
Experimental
Methods for
Cooling Tower
Research
Jan Cizek and
Michal Stepnicka,
Czech Technical
University in
Prague
2013
Abstract: The laboratory of CTU in
Prague has for long been focused on
research in the field of cooling
technologies. Several experimental stands
for evaporative and dry cooling have built
with a close collaboration with our
partners from the commercial sphere. All
of those stands can be run simultaneously
in our laboratory, namely a measurement
of the effectiveness of fills in the testing
cell with usable dimensions of 1.5 x 1.5 x4 meters, a measurement of nozzle
characteristics, measurements of
thermodynamic properties of active
plume abatement systems, an
interferometric (IPI) measurement of the
efficiency of drift eliminators, or optical
(PIV) measurements of velocity fields
near the droplet eliminators and other
cooling tower components.
Mathematical
and
Experimental
Modeling of a
Rain Zone
Lukas Dvorak and
Pavol Vitkovic,
Czech Technical
University in
Prague
2013
Abstract: This paper is aimed at the
description of theoretical and
experimental research in aero- and
thermodynamic processes occurring in
the stream of moist air flowing pass the
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rain zone in cooling towers. The aim of
this work is based on the presumption of
non-uniform log-normal droplets size
distribution in the rain zone. The changes
in the moving air (such as pressure drop
or humidity ratio) occurring in the rain
zone are described as a dependence of
the flow ratings of the air and water, on
the state of both fluids and on the angel
between the trajectory of the air and
water particles. The results from this
research should help with the design and
the increase of cooling performance by
using non-uniform nozzle grids.
Cooling Tower
Modeling
Approach
Magose Abraham
Eju, Nigeria LNG
Ltd
2012
Abstract: Various approaches to cooling
tower modeling have been used bydifferent authors. Some of these modeling
approaches include the work of Lebrun
and Aparecida (2002) titled “Cooling
Towers – Method and Experimental
Validation” which presented a simplified
method for analyzing the combined heat
and mass transfer phenomena in a cooling
tower using Merkel’s theory as the
theoretical basis for the model. Braun et
al (1989) used the Effectiveness approach
in their work titled, “EffectivenessModels for Cooling Tower and Cooling
Coils”. Lastly, in the “Toolkit for Primary
HVAC System Energy Calculation”,
prepared for ASHRAE by Lebrun et al
(1999), the model of the counterflow
cooling tower was based on the Merkel’s
theory with the Lewis number assumed to
equal unity. This paper describes the
approach that was used by the author in
modeling cooling tower as part of the
scope of a research study undertaken toimprove the thermal performance of
cooling towers. Two simulation software
tools have been used in the modeling of
cooling tower. The challenges
encountered are also discussed.
Permanent
Magnet Direct
Drive Motors:
Lessons
Robbie McElveen
and Bill Martin,
Balldor Electric
Company
2012
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Learned
Abstract: In recent years, the authors
have presented several papers concerning
the use of permanent magnet motors for
the direct drive of cooling tower fans. The
goal of this paper is to detail how the
technology has evolved, communicate
lessons learned from field installationsand give the reader a practical guide to
the installation and use of this type of
motor. An in depth case study is
presented detailing installation challenges
and solutions for a large permanent
magnet direct drive motor.
Lee Gillan,
Idalex; Paul
Glanvill and Dr.
Aleksandr
Kozlov, GasTechnology
Institute
Maisotsendo-Cycle
Enhanced Cooling
Towers
2011
Abstract: Following its successful
application in air-conditioning as
marketed by the Coolerado Corporation,
this document summarizes the potential
of the novel thermodynamic cycle, the
so-called Maisotsenko-Cycle
(“M-Cycle”), as applied to Cooling
Tower Design. Through a review of
existing methods and technologies, this
document discusses how the M-Cycle
Enhanced Open and Closed Circuit
Cooling Tower designs have the potential
in retrofit applications to (1) cool water
down to the ambient air dew point
temperature and (2) reduce system
pressure drop and fan power
consumption, with the potential to reduce
both installed and operating costs. For
readers seeking additional information,
appendices discuss the M-Cycle and the
corresponding psychrometrics in greater
detail.
Improving The
Thermal
Performance
Of Cooling
Towers By
Conditioning
Magose Abraham
Eju, Nigeria
Liquefied Natural
Gas Limited
2011
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Of Air
Abstract: Up to the present, attempts at
improving performance of cooling towers
has been focused on the design of the
components such as the packing, nozzles,
fan, etc. This paper presents an
investigation that has been carried out to
assess the viability of a new and novelapproach by conditioning the entering air
to the cooling tower in order to reduce
the wet-bulb temperature, which is the
principal external parameter that affects
performance. The wet-bulb temperature
of the air entering the cooling tower
determines operating temperature levels
throughout a water-cooled plant, process
or system. It is very important to have the
cold water temperature low enough to
exchange heat or to condense vapors atthe optimum temperature level. The
investigation of performance involved the
development of a suite of integrated
computer models which were used along
with real plant data to assess the
performance improvement achievable
with the proposed air conditioning
system. The results of the analysis
indicated the viability of this new and
novel approach.
CrossflowCooling Tower
Performance
Calculations
Robert Fulkerson,Fulkerson &
Associates
2008
Abstract: This paper reviews and
explains the Zivi Brand method of
calculating crossflow cooling tower
thermal performance. In addition it
presents a mathematical method which
can be used to predict the performance of
a cooling tower which has a fill height
and fill air travel, which is different from
the test cell from which the rating data
was obtained.
Architectural
Enclosure
Influences on
The
Performance of
Field Erected
Toby Daley,
Composite Cooling
Solutions, L.P.
2008
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Cooling Towers
Abstract: Architectural enclosures for
cooling towers are not a new phenomena.
Ideal clearances are provided by
manufacturers to achieve the rated
performance. However, understanding
and predicting thermal performance
impacts when less than ideal clearancesare available becomes more complex.
This paper will present a study of an
architectural louver enclosure and its
influence on the performance of the
tower when less than ideal clearances are
achievable.
Seismic Rated
Factory
Assembled
Evaporative
CoolingEquipment
Scott Nevins,
EVAPCO, Inc.
2007
Abstract: The International Building
Code (IBC) is a comprehensive set of
regulations addressing the structural
design and installation for building
systems. As of May 1st, 2006, 47 states
and Washington DC have adopted the
International Building Code. Compared to
previous building codes that solely
examined anchorage, the International
Building Code addresses anchorage,
structural integrity, and operational
capability of a component following a
seismic event. This paper will focus on
the International Building Code as
pertains to factory assembled evaporative
cooling equipment and emphasize the
methodology for determining the
applicability of the code to specific
projects.
Cooling TowersWork As A
System
RichardDesJardins,
DesJardins
Consulting
2006
Abstract: There are two principal
concepts that often confuse people that
are not familiar with cooling towers and
how they operate. One, the cooling tower
is a part of a bigger system; It does not set
the heat load; the paper will explain how
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the tower interacts with the system. Two,
the cooling tower and its components
work as a system. The paper will explain
how changes to one part of the tower can
affect all the other parts of the tower:
Such as selecting the economic size of the
tower, affect of changing fill dimensions
and type, heights, fan or stack size or
type, inlet heights, location of louvers,
nozzle type, choice of materials,
temperature limits, definition of "tough"
and "easy duties", and many more. It will
define normal limits for air velocities
throughout the tower, water loadings, fan
power, and other good practice
limitations. It will explain how pressure
drop changes performance. It will discuss
aftermarket changes that make things
worse, not better. Comments will be
general, not specific to any one product
or type.
Responding to
a Cooling
Tower
Emergency
Billy Childers,
Aggreko LLC
2006
Abstract: This paper is intended to
explore the "typical" path that businesses
go down when an unexpected cooling
tower failure occurs. Review the time and
resources spent in planning and executinga recovery plan. Then review an
alternative path that could be chosen to
expedite the recovery and avoid any
needless losses. The paper will also
explore the need for, and the value of
having a good executable contingency
plan in place.
Guidelines for
Successful
Cooling Tower
Installations for
Campus
District Energy
Systems
Frank T Morrison,
Baltimore Aircoil
Company
2006
Abstract: Water-cooled systems provide
many advantages for campus-type district
energy systems, including low first cost,
low operating cost, and reduced space
requirements. Cooling towers are often
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the forgotten "back-end" of the cooling
system, yet play a key role in the
operation of the entire system. A
well-designed evaporative cooling tower
installation is critical to achieving the
maximum benefit from the system
investment. This paper provides insight
into key considerations for these large
cooling tower installations, including
tower configurations, proper selection,
layout, sound, plume, water use, control
strategies, and maintenance.
Online
Refurbishment
of four Large
Natural Draft
Cooling Towers
Alex Dreyer -
GEA Aircooled
Systems
Gerrit Putter -
SASOL
Technology
2005
Abstract: Many largepower/petrochemical plants have older
cooling towers which are in need of major
repairs but shutting down these towers
will result in large production losses. A
project was started in which the water
distribution system and the splash pack
grids of four existing natural draft cooling
towers at a large petrochemical plant
were to be replaced without shutting
down the water flow to the cooling
towers. The water flow to typically 10%of a given tower was shut off after the
installation of butterfly valves. The
existing packing in this area was then
removed and replaced with new high
performance slash packing. The work on
the first two towers is scheduled for
completion in July 2004. Performance
tests on these two towers are scheduled
for the southern hemisphere summer
2004/2005. The work on the remaining
two towers is scheduled for completion atthe end of 2005.
Dynamic Load
Considerations
in Cooling
Tower Water
Distribution
Piping
David M. Suptic,
David M. Suptic
P.E. LLC
2005
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Abstract: Cooling tower water
distribution piping is typically designed
for normal water flow rates and low
operating pressures. Actual operating
conditions can produce pressure and flow
conditions that create significant dynamic
piping loads. This paper identifies cooling
tower operating practices that may create
increased piping loads and provides deep
considerations that can help prevent
catastrophic pipe failures.
Hybrid Closed-
Circuit Cooling
Tower Solves a
Water
Availability
Problem
David Hutton,
Baltimore Aircoil
Company
2005
Abstract: The owner/operator of a
Canadian air-separation plant hadplanned to install an open cooling tower
for summer heat rejection, and an
air-cooled heat exchanger for winter
operation, because water for evaporation
is unavailable at the plant site in the
winter. By taking advantage of hybrid,
wet-dry closed-circuit cooling tower
technology, the owner is now able to
handle the heat rejection requirements
with a single piece of equipment that
provides the advantages of evaporativecooling in the summer, uses no water in
the winter, and consumes less energy and
less water than either of the other options.
Supplemental
Cooling
Billy Childers,
Aggreko
2004
Abstract: The paper will cover the
benefit and pitfalls of supplemental
cooling. 1: Information required and
process to determine proper sizing. 2:
Location and considerations(recirculation pitfalls). 3: The importance
of proper water balancing between
existing and supplemental cells/towers. 4:
Discuss the pros and cons of
supplemental water should be returned
within the existing towers basin. 6:
Provide drawings and photos of actual
installations.
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Thorough
Inspections
Reduce Cooling
Tower
Mechanical and
Performance
Risks
Terry McCoy -
ChemTreat, Inc.
Robert Strandberg
- Covanta, Inc.
2004
Abstract: Identification of cooling towerproblems prior to resultant failures allows
avoidance of unexpected major repair
costs. Periodic inspections of mechanical
and structural components by
knowledgeable personnel are critical in
maintaining and performance of the
tower. By performing thorough annual
inspections as described, corrective
action can be initiated and repairs can be
budgeted.
InnateRecirculation
of Cooling
Towers
Hector L. Cruz,Bechtel Power
Corporation
2003
Abstract: In today's power market there
is an overall decrease in available plot
area in which to build a power plant. For
this reason larger projects are requiring
more back-to-back cooling tower
configurations. Previous CTI publications
show that certain cooling tower
configurations and designs are more
responsible than others for creating
recirculation environments, and indeed,
back-to-back configurations create more
recirculation than in-line. In-line and
back-to-back counter-flow configurations
makeup the bulk of new cooling tower
installations. However, this report deals
exclusively with back-to-back
counter-flow cooling towers. It will also
develop 1) the upper limit for design
variables that create recirculation, and 2)
answer which variables have a greater
affect on the cooling towers' thermal
performance, auxiliary power, and cost.
Wireless
Condition
Monitoring of
Industrial
Cooling
Buddy Lee,
MAARS, Inc.
2002
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Towers.
Abstract: A new method of wireless
condition monitoring for cooling tower
applications will be presented. The
development of Spread Spectrum
communications technology now makes
real-time vibration and process analysis
available over plant ethernet or theinternet. Remote diagnostics of cooling
tower condition may be implemented at
low cost using off the shelf components.
A Temporary
Cooling Tower
CAN Work For
You.
Billy Childers,
Aggreko, Inc.
2002
Abstract: Temporary cooling towers
allow for a contingency plan of the heart
of the plant that will save time and money
in the event of an unexpected loss. They
provide increased worker safety during
reconstruction as well as protecting the
environment and "keeping the lights on"
at the power plant. The plant can "try
before you buy" to provide undisputable
evidence of the impact of cooler water.
Add to all of this the ability to maintain
full production during the summer heat
and one can see how a temporary system
will solve plant worries and increase
profits.
Vibration
Control for
Cooling
Towers.
Robert Simmons,
Amber/Booth
Company
2002
Abstract: Cooling towers can be a major
source of objectionable vibration and
vibration induced noise in buildings. This
presentation will examine vibration
control issues for cooling towers, why
vibration from cooling towers is aproblem, how to isolate the vibration, and
some practical installation guidelines will
be discussed.
Network
Analysis Helps
Increase
Cooling System
Capacity.
Sushil Aggarwal,
Fluro Daniel Inc.
2002
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Abstract: A planned refinery expansion
required 1500 GPM of additional cooling
water. The refinery has undergone several
expansions in the past where either the
capacity of existing units increased or
new processing units were added. The
original cooling water system was
straining to meet the increasing demands
placed on it. Further the pressure loss in
the piping had increased over time due to
settlement of dirt and scaling. While the
cooling tower had additional thermal
capacity, the circulation pumps and
distribution piping system were
hydraulically limited. Alternatives were
explored to avoid installing additional
circulation pumps and dedicated supply
and return piping for the new process
unit. A hydraulic network analysis helped
in identifying pinch points in the large
piping network with over 120 pipe
segments and more than 18 process units.
A solution to supply the new unit without
installing new pumps and dedicated
headers was identified by reducing flow
resistance in the pinch points with
significant cost savings.
On-Line
Performance
Monitoring of the 1300 MW
Natural Draft
Cooling Towers
on American
Electric
Power's
General James
M. Gavin Plant
Frank L. Michell,
Dan H Drew
American ElectricPower
1997
Abstract: American Electric Power's past
and current approach to determining and
monitoring performance of natural draftcooling towers on coal fired generating
units from 260-1300MW size will be
discussed in the paper. The paper will
focus on the Gavin Plant on-line
performance monitoring system approach
with prior testing activities on AEP
System cooling towers included from a
historical perspective.
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Enhancing
Tower
Performance
Using
Non-Uniform
Water
Distribution
Adriaan J. de
Villiers, Peter B.
Bosman, Knight
Piesold Energy
1996
Abstract: The paper will examine theeffects of special variations of L/G within
a cooling tower, on the overall thermal
performance of the tower. Air
temperature profiles above the fill,
resulting from non-uniform water
distribution profiles will be presented.
Theoretical vs. actual results for the
return water temperature will be
compared.
Tower
Demolitionsafety
Techniques For
The 90's
Michael F. Talley
& John ElrodMartin Marietta
Utility Services,
Inc.
1995
Abstract: In 1987, a comprehensive
reliability study was made to ascertain the
ability of the present 42-year-old
recirculating water system to meet the
anticipated load demand through the year
2010. The study determined that the
deterioration of the cooling tower over
the years necessitated replacement of the
structures from the ground up. This
project posed many hazards related to
worker safety. This paper will deal with
the safety techniques used during the
project. Portions of the paper will deal
with Personal Protection Equipment, fall
protection, and lifting and rigging
methods used during the demolition of the
cooling tower.
ComputerizedSimulation of
Closed Circuit
Cooling Tower
With Parallel
and
Counterflow
Spray
Water-Air Flow
Design
Branislav Korenic,Ph.D., Aircoil
Company
1995
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Abstract: An exact analytic method for
evaluating heat and mass transfer in
closed circuit cooling towers, previously
developed by the author, has been
expanded and revised to provide a
computerized means to predict the
thermal performance and determine the
associated energy requirements for a
specified tower design. The validity of the
model has been verified and fine-tuned
by extensive laboratory testing. After a
brief overview of the analytical model, it
is demonstrated how this model can be
effectively applied to both counterflow
and parallel flow spray water-air flow
arrangements in actual tower designs. The
main computer program options are then
discussed, with emphasis on the iterative
nature of the solution. Finally, the
temperature profiles of the process fluid,
spray water, and air wet bulb temperature
are presented and discussed for both flow
arrangements. An overview of the
laboratory test program is also presented.
In summary, this paper reports on the
successful combination of the latest
state-of the-art analytical procedures with
advanced programming techniques and
extensive laboratory testing to create a
workable and powerful engineeringsoftware package for evaluating the
thermal performance of large closed
circuit cooling towers.
Using The
EPRI Test Data
to Verify a
More Accurate
Method of
Predicting
Cooling Tower
Performance(TP-92-01)
Richard J.
DesJardins,
DesJardins and
Associates
1992
Abstract: Cooling tower performance
test data published by EPRI and others is
re-examined using a full compliment of
modifications suggested by others to the
standard Merkel method of analysis. The
purpose of the paper is to verify a
theoretical way of eliminating the need to
use an empirical "hot water correction
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factor" to obtain accurate cooling tower
performance predictions. Data analysis is
graphically presented for both the
standard CTI method and the modified
"off-set" method to demonstrate the
significant improvements that can be
made.
A More NearlyExact
Representation
of Cooling
Tower Theory
(TP-91-02)
Allen E. Feltzin,Airco Industrial
Gases/The BOC
Group, Dudley
Benton, Tennessee
Valley Authority
1991
Abstract: Merkel theory relied on several
basic assumptions to simplify the
mathematical calculations involved in the
determination on KaV (cooling tower
demand). Sixty-five years later,
computers and numerical methods allowfor more precise determinations. A
description of the history and current
status of this development is presented.
Necessary formulas and computational
methods are presented in their entirety.
Development
of Cooling
Tower
Performance
Impacts on
Utility and
Process Plants
(TP-91-07)
Ken Quigley,
Ecodyne Cooling
Tower Services
and Karl Wilber
Research Cottrell
Companies
1991
Abstract: The development of accurate
and representative cooling tower
performance penalties is critical to the
optimization of cooling systems design
and the assessment of associated
performance penalties. This paper
provides economic penalties for typical
fossil power plants. Additionally, a crosssection of process industry plants are
reviewed in the terms of the impact of the
cooling tower return temperatures on
recovered products. Finally, the issue of
fan power and pumping head penalties
will be revisited with the objective of
assessing total tower economic evaluation
as well as systems optimization.
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Cooling Water
Operational
Experiences at
an Ammonia
Plant
(TP-89-17)
Guy A. Crucil &
Lawrence Aytes
Nalco Chemical
Company, and
Paul A. Lamar,
Farmland
Industries, Inc.
1989
Abstract: With the increasing pressuresplaced on various chemical plants to limit
effluent constituents, a greater emphasis
has been placed on the cooling tower
blowdown. Not only is the discharge
concern placed on the commonly used
heavy metal corrosion inhibitors such as
chromate and zinc, but on other
components as well such as ammonia. A
review of cooling tower operational
experiences is presented to illustrate one
plant's method of minimizing the effluentdischarge while observing excellent
corrosion, scale, and microbiological
control in their cooling water systems.
Exhaust Steam
Condensing
With an
Evaporative
Condenser
(TP-88-01)
Lindsay L. Haman,
P.E., Baltimore
Aircoil Company,
David Hutton,
P.E.,
BAC-Pritchard
Inc.
1988
Abstract: Presents and discusses the use
of an evaporative steam condenser
system in lieu of the more conventional
steam surface condenser-circulating
water-evaporative cooling tower system
for small to medium steam power
applications. Evaporative condensers
have been used for many years in the
refrigeration, process and air conditioning
industry. Through modifications to the
condensing coils to accommodate the
low-density steam and entrained
non-condensable gases, they can be used
economically with condensing steam
turbines in co-generation and waste heat
recovery plants.
Artificial
Intelligence for
Operation of a
Crossflow
Benjamin R.
Crocker & David
E. Wheeler,
Environmental
1988
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Mechanical
Draft Cooling
Tower
(TP-88-17)
Systems
Corporation,
Gerald L.
Mroczkowski &
Richard E. Steiner,
Wisconsin Public
Servic
Abstract: Paper describes a dataacquisition/monitoring system that
provides multiple levels of icing alarm for
a crossflow mechanical draft-cooling
tower. System software compares the
current operating status to the optimum
operating status and recommends how
many fans, cells, pumps, etc., to operate
in order to provide the best net plant heat
rate.
An Operations
History of W.A.Parish Units #7
& #8 Main
Cooling Towers
and Associated
Systems
(TP-86-02)
Mary Brakhage
Fuglaar, HoustonLighting & Power
Company
1986
Abstract: The limited cooling capacity of
the HL&P W.A. Parish lake made the
construction of cooling towers essential
with the last two generating units. The
operations history of these two large,
round, concrete cooling towers is
reviewed. In addition to comparing their
design similarities and differences,
specific areas are discussed, including the
dual sources of makeup water and
blowdown control.
Status Report:
Cooling Tower
Performance
Project(TP-86-03)
John A. Bartz &
Wayne C.
Micheletti, EPRI
and Margaret C.McPhail, Houston
Lighting & Power
1986
Abstract: The current status of the EPRI
Cooling Tower Performance Test Facility
Project, described at the 1984 CTI
Annual Conference, is reported.
Operating experience and test results
from the Small Scale Test Facility and
full-scale facilities at Houston Light &
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Power stations are presented. Results
from computer codes to predict tower
performance, including one developed
and validated in Europe, are included.
Elimination of the need for a hot water
temperature correction by use of these
codes is explained. Description of a
project expansion is provided, which
includes a study of fill degradation plus
improved water and airflow rate
measurement techniques aimed at more
accurate heat balances. In addition,
developmental fill configuration proposed
for performance tests are described.
Activation of a
New Tower
Facility
(TP-86-12)
W.D. Lansford,
P.E., Arnold
Engineering
Development Ctr.
1986
Abstract: The activation of a new heatexchanger, pipeline and components, and
cooling tower systems, can present
problems not found in modifications or
additions to existing systems. This paper
will address some of the unexpected
events that surfaced during activation of
the cooling tower systems, piping, and
valving and the steps taken to correct the
occurrences.
Application of
Uncertainty
Analysis to
Cooling Tower
Thermal
Performance
Tests
(TP-86-15)
John G. Yost &
David E. Wheeler
Environmental
Systmes Corp.
1986
Abstract: The Cooling Tower Institute
has adopted much needed guidelines for
providing meaningful estimates of
measurement uncertainty and thepropagation of these uncertainties into the
determination of cooling tower capability.
Uncertainty analyses can be useful in
determining test validation and
compliance with contractual agreements.
This paper addresses actual and desired
uncertainties associated with specific test
parameters. It addresses how these errors
propagate into the calculation of cooling
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tower capability uncertainty. Specific
examples are given based on multiple
hours of test data acquired on both
natural draft (crossflow and counterflow)
and mechanical draft (rectangular and
circular) cooling towers. The paper will
show how significant uncertainty is
calculated versus predicted capability in
natural draft cooling towers can occur.
Guidelines for reducing uncertainty are
provided for mechanical and natural draft
towers.
Influence of air
and Water
Temperature on
Fill
Characteristics
Curve
(TP-85-08)
Marcel R.
LeFevre, MRL
Corporation
1985
Abstract: In a paper presented at the
1984 Annual CTI Meeting, the author
reviewed the Merkel theory
approximations and suggested simple
methods to eliminate them in order to
reduce the influence of temperature on
the demand curve. He indicated that a
second influence existed on the fill
characteristic curve side. This paper
addresses this question in detail and
compares theory with actual test results,answering many of the questions left
open by the first paper.
Application of
Upspray Type
Water
Distribution
Systems in
Cooling Towers
(TP-85-09)
H. Peter Fay &
Gerhard Hesse,
GEA Power
Cooling Systems,
Inc.
1985
Abstract: Thermal and hydrauliccharacteristics of the up-spray system;
performance verification; effects on
tower configuration and fill; operational
and maintenance characteristics.
EPRI Research
on Cooling
Tower
Performance
(TP-84-01)
John A. Bartz &
Wayne C.
Micheletti, Electric
Power Research
Institute
1984
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Abstract: One of the primary goals of
EPRI's Heat Waste and Water
Management Program is to improve the
ability of the utility industry to predict
and test the performance of power plant
cooling systems. The object of this work
is to develop uniform methods that will
aid the industry in specifying cooling
systems, evaluating bids, performing
retrofitting studies, and testing system
thermal performance. Current work
includes research on once-through
systems, cooling ponds and lakes, and wet
and dry cooling towers. This paper
describes research on conventional
evaporative cooling towers. The effort
includes the construction of a
laboratory-scale fill test facility and
testing of promising counter flow and
cross flow fill configurations for thermal
and hydraulic performance at both
laboratory scale and full scale.
Integration of
the Cooling
Tower in the
Chemical
Processing
Plant
(TP-84-07)
W. v.L. Campagne
& Lane J.
McDonough, Stone
& Webster
Engineering
Corporation
1984
Abstract: For too long the ChemicalProcessing Industry has neglected the
effect of ambient air on total energy
consumption. Cooling water plays an
important role in energy management.
The Paper outlines several operating
considerations to provide a more energy
efficient system, as well as the
information needed to determine the
optimum point of operation.
Recirculation
and
Interference
Characteristics
of Circular
Mechanical
Draft Cooling
Towers
(TP-84-13)
John W. Cooper,
Jr., Zurn Industries,
Inc.
1984
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Abstract: The entrainment of hot moist
air from a cooling tower into the tower
inlet air decreases both overall tower and
plant performance. This study
characterizes recirculation on a circular
mechanical draft-cooling tower. Data
taken on this tower are compared to data
from similar tests on rectangular
mechanical draft cooling towers in this
paper.
Eliminating the
Merkel Theory
Approximations
-- Can it
Replace the
Empirical
"Temperature
Correction
Factor"?(TP-84-18)
Marcel R.
LeFevre, MRL
Corporation
1984
Abstract: The Merkel Theory was
published in 1925 and demonstrated that
heat transfer in evaporative cooling tower
was approximately proportional to a
difference of enthalpies. Approximations
of the theory are very large, mainly when
water temperatures are high. This paper
presents a simple method to eliminate
Merkel's Theory approximations. It is
practically as simple to use as the presentMerkel Theory, and existing data can still
be used with simple corrections.
Hopefully this can be the base for a new
future standard of the cooling tower
industry.
The Use of the
CTI Blue Book
at Altitude
(TP269A)
Robert Fulkerson,
Cooling
Technology
Corporation
1983
Abstract: This paper discusses methodsto be utilized when using the CTI
BlueBook at any altitude.
Evaporative
Cooling
Performance
Evaluation
(TP-253A)
Larry D. Howlett,
Heat Transfer &
Mechanical Design
1982
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Abstract: A model is presented which
predicts the performance of an
evaporative cooling system at other than
the tested operation point. The model is
based upon an empirical correlation for
convection heat transfer and a proposed
form for this correlation is introduced.
Effect of Altitude on
Cooling Tower
Design and
Testing
(TP-251A)
George E. McKee,Cooling
Technology
Corporation
1982
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to
show why altitude is an important factor
that should be taken into consideration
when designing or testing a tower.
Information will also be presented which
should be helpful in doing calculations forelevations other than sea level. Only
counterflow towers will be discussed in
this paper because of the ease in
performing the calculations but the
principles discussed also apply to
crossflow towers.
Unique
Systematic
Approach
Helps Conquer
Multiple
Cooling System
Problems
(TP-230A)
Thomas D. Frey,
Union Carbide
Corporation and
Albert D. Owens
Calgon
Corporation
1981
Abstract: A computer program was used
to select a treatment program that
eliminated or reduced problems
associated with changing from
zinc-chromate treatment and makeup
water source.
A Review of Present and
Recently
Proposed
Methods for
Thermal
Evaluation of
Atmospheric
Water Cooling
Equipment
Glenn F. Hallett,Fluor Engineers
and Constructors,
Inc.
1980
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(TP224A)
Abstract: Recent methods for predicting
and evaluating tower performance will be
discussed including spray cooling water
systems. Although dimensional analysis
techniques for heat and mass transfer are
used, requirements for this solution are
not always met. Proposed and presentmethods are compared.
Common
Misconceptions
Concerning
Cooling Tower
Performance
(TP-225A)
James L. Willa &
John C. Campbell,
Lilie-Hoffmann
Cooling Towers,
Inc.
1980
Abstract: This paper demonstrates rather
pointedly that cooling tower performance
and operation is not so straightforwardly
simple as it many times is thought to be.
These misconceptions or "Old Cooling
Tower Tales" can cost you money in all
phases of dealing with cooling towers.
An Evaluation
of Schemes for
the Prediction
of
Recirculation
on Crossflow
RectangularMechanical
Draft Cooling
Towers
(TP-195A)
R.D. Moore, D.E.
Wheeler, K.R.
Wilber & A.E.
Johnson,
Environmental
Systems Corp.
1979
Abstract:
Handling
Upsets in
Cooling Water
Systems
(TP-196A)
J.R. Townsend,
Drew Chemical
Corporation
1979
Abstract:
Biofilm
Development
and Destruction
in Turbulent
Flow
(TP-204A)
W.G. Characklis,
Rice University
1979
Abstract:
© Copyright 2012-2015
Cooling Technology Institute
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Evaporative
Hat Removal in
Wet Cooling
Towers
(TP-209A)
Thomas E. Eaton,
P.E., University of
Kentucky
1979
Abstract:
Next Year's
Profits...FromYour Cooling
Tower
(TP-199A)
C.J. McCann &
Dennis Moran,Tower
Performance, Inc.
1979
Abstract:
Improving
Condenser
Cleanliness by
Using a
Dispersant to
SupplementChlorination at
a Nuclear Plant
(TP-189A)
J.R. Sipp, Vermont
Yankee Nuclear
Power Station, Jeff
R. Townsend,
Drew Chemical
Corp.
1978
Abstract:
Review of
Cooling Tower
Calculation
(TP-194A)
Walter Gloyer,
Consultant
1978
Abstract:
EmergencyShutdown
Cooling Towers
Considerations
in the Evolution
of an Optimum
Tower Design
(TP-152A)
Stuart M. Klein,United Engineers
& Constructors,
Inc.
1976
Abstract:
A Blueprint for
the Preparation
of Crossflow
Cooling Tower
Characteristic
Curves
(TP-146A)
Neil W. Kelly, Neil
W. Kelly and
Associates
1976
Abstract:
Proper Cooling
Tower
Operation
James L. Willa,
Lilie-Hoffmann
1975
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Makes Money
(TP-141A)
Abstract:
The Cooling
Tower - Waste
Heat Superstar
(TP-121A)
Peter M. Phelps,
Phelps
Engineering, Inc.
1974
Abstract:
Estimating
Cooling Tower
Costs
Performance -
A Tool for
Determining
the Impact on
the Hydro-
Thermal
Program(TP-97A)
Emoy H. Hall,
Bonneville Power
Administration
1972
Abstract:
Off-Peak
Cooling With
Thermocycle
(TP-70A)
Robert Reynolds,
York Division
Borg-Warner
Corporation
1969
Abstract:
Missapplication
and Incorrect
Location of Cooling Towers
(TP-73A)
Robert S. Jones,
Francis Assoc.
1969
Abstract:
Novel Cooling
Tower Control
System
(TP-48A)
H. Feitler & C.R.
Townsend, Magna
Corporation
1968
Abstract:
A Report on
In-Place SprayTreatment of
Cooling Towers
at the Paducah
Gaseous
Diffusion Plant
(TP-20A)
L.C. Burkhalter,
Union CarbideCorporation
1967
Abstract:
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Control of Fog
From Cooling
Towers
(TP-30A)
J.R. Buss,
Monsanto
Company
1967
Abstract:
The
Application of
ComputerTechniques to
the Selection
and Evaluation
of Water
Cooling Tower
(TP-29A)
Neil W. Kelly,
Pritchard Products
Corporation
1967
Abstract:
Effect of
Altitude on
Cooling TowerRating and
Performance
(TPR-125)
Thomas H.
Hamilton
1962
Abstract:
Sizing Cooling
Towers to
Optimize Plant
Performance
(TP218A)
S.D. Clark, Union
Carbide Corp.
1962
Abstract:
Cooling Technology Institute, PO Box 681807, Houston, Texas 77268, Phone 281-583-4087, Fax
281-537-1721, Email vmanser@cti.org
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