brain computerinterface-by jyot virk

Pratishruti Jain 1

Presented by:Judge Singh12BCS8062

CONTENTS:What is Brain-Computer Interface?Principle behind BCIObjective of BCITypes of BCIsHistory ImplementationSoftware behind BCIApplicationsLimitationsFuture ConcernsConclusionReferences

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What is Brain-Computer Interface?Brain Computer Interface is a direct technological

interface between a brain & a computer system not requires a motor output from the user.

It is abbreviated as BCI.

It is also known as Direct Neural Interface (DNI) & Brain – Machine Interface (BMI).

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ContinuedBrain-computer interface is an electrode chip which can be implemented in the brain through surgical procedure.

• When it is implemented in brain the electrical signal exchanged by

neurons within the brain are sent to the

computer and then the computer is

controlled by person.

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Principle Behind BCIThis technology is based on to sense, transmit,

analyze and apply the language of neurons.

It consist of a sensor that is implanted in the motor cortex of thebrain and a device that analyses brain signals. The signals generated by brain are interpreted and translated into cursor movement on computer screen to control the computer.

It consists of a silicon array about the size of an Aspirin tablet that contains about 100 electrodes each thinner than a human hair.

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BCI vs NeuroprostheticsNeuroprosthetics typically connect the nervous

system to a device, whereas BCIs usually connect the nervous system with a computer system.

Practical neuroprosthetics can be linked to any part of the nervous system—for example, peripheral nerves

While the term "BCI" usually designates a narrower class of systems which interface with the central nervous system.

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Objective of BCI:The goal of the Brain-Computer Interface is

to develop a fast and reliable connection between the brain of a severely disabled person and a personal computer .

The ‘Brain Gate’ device can provide paralysed or motor-impaired patients a mode of communication through the translation of thought into direct computer control.

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Types of BCIs:• Invasive BCI Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey

matter of the brain during neurosurgery.

• Non Invasive BCI Non-Invasive BCIs do not involve neurosurgery.

They are just like wearable virtual reality devices.

• Partially Invasive BCI Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside

the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter.

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History of BCI:• Research on BCIs has been going on for more

than 20 years, but from the mid-1990s there has been a dramatic increase in working experimental implants.

• Brain-Computer Interface was commercially developed by the bio-tech company Cyberkinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University.

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BCI Research On Animals:At first, rats were implanted with BCI .

Signals recorded from the cerebral cortex of rat operate BCI to carry out the movement.

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Contd…• Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh had demonstrated on a monkey that can feed itself with a robotic arm simply by using signals from its brain.

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Next Step-HUMANS!!

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BCI On HUMANSIn December 7, 2004, brain-computer interface

had been clinically tested on a human by an American biotech company Cyberkinetics.

The first participant in these trials was a 25-year-old man who had sustained a spinal cord injury leading to paralysis in all four limbs .

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Contd…Over a period of nine months, he took part in 57 sessions during which the implanted Brain Gate sensor recorded activity in his motor cortex region while he imagined moving his paralyzed limbs and then used that imagined motion for several computer- based tasks such as, moving a computer cursor to open e-mail, draw shapes and play simple video games.

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How BCI Implements?A more difficult task is interpreting the brain signals

for movement in someone who can't physically move his own arm. With a task like that, the subject must "train" to use the device.

With an implant in place, the subject would visualize closing his or her disabled hand. After many trials, the software can learn to recognize the signals associated with the thought of hand-closing.

Software connected to a robotic hand is programmed to receive the "close hand" signal and interpret it to mean that the robotic hand should close. At that point, when the subject thinks about closing the hand, the signals are sent and the robotic hand closes.

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Contd…This could even be accomplished without the

"robotic" part of the device. Signals could be sent to the appropriate motor control nerves in the hands, bypassing a damaged section of the spinal cord and allowing actual movement of the subject's own hands.

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Software behind BCI• The technology is comprised of four

main components; a signal capture system, a signal processing system, a pattern recognition system, and a device control system.

• The signal capture system includes the electrodes themselves and the isolated electronic amplifiers

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Contd…The signal processing system includes the

algorithms for the linear prediction of the signal.

The pattern recognition system often used to be composed of neural networks as to recognize which neurons are producing these signals.

Interfaces have been developed to control different devices .

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ApplicationsOne of the most exciting areas of BCI research is the

development of devices that can be controlled by thoughts.

For a quadriplegic, something as basic as controlling a computer cursor via mental commands would represent a revolutionary improvement in quality of life.

Some of the applications of this technology are also frivolous, such as the ability to control a video game by thought , ability to change TV channels with your mind etc.

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Limitations At present ,the biggest impediment of BCI

technology is the lack of sensor modality that provides safe, accurate, and robust access to brain signals.

It is very expensive.

• Information transformation rate is limited to 20 bits/min.

• Difficulty in adaptation and learning.Brain-Computer Interface 25

Future ConcernsLight Reactive Imaging BCI devices are still in the

realm of theory. This would involve implanting a laser inside the skull. The laser would be focussed on a single neuron and

the neuron’s reflectance is measured by a separate sensor.

• When the neuron fires, the light pattern and wavelength it reflects would change slightly . This would allow the researchers to monitor a single neuron and require less contact with the tissue.

Researchers of the Carleton University , Canada believe that the same interface could form the basis of a mind-controlled password system.

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Conclusion• The results of BCI are spectacular and almost unbelievable.

• BCI can help paralyzed people to move by controlling their own electric wheelchairs, to communicate by using e-mail and Internet-based phone systems, and to be independent by controlling items such as televisions and electrical appliances.

• Conclusively, BCI has proved to be a boon for paralyzed patients .

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Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

%E2%80%93computer_interface

http://www.slideshare.net/itsmartin/martins-seminar-on-brain-control-interfacebci

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