brain and consciousness
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04/20/23 1
Brain Patterns and TM Brain Patterns and TM PracticePractice
Brain and Consciousness
Grey Matter
White Matter
Cortex (grey
matter) is 1/8 Inch
Thick
Parts of neuronsParts of neurons• Dendrites and Dendrites and
dendritic spinesdendritic spines– InputInput
• Cell bodyCell body– make energy, make energy,
neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters, integrate activity of cellsintegrate activity of cells
• axon axon – OutputOutput
Sodium and potassium
Chloride
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EEG: Ions in the Fluid Around the Neuron
Sodium and potassium
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Sources and Sinks along the Apical Dendrites
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Electrical Activity from Neurons “Talking” Can be Measured at the Scalp
SkullSkullSkullSkullSurface Surface of the of the brain brain (1/8” (1/8” thick)thick)
Surface Surface of the of the brain brain (1/8” (1/8” thick)thick)
EEGEEGEEGEEG
Brain waves measured by EEG mostly reflect Brain waves measured by EEG mostly reflect electrical activity in the cortex, but include electrical activity in the cortex, but include contributions from the whole brain.contributions from the whole brain.
Brain waves measured by EEG mostly reflect Brain waves measured by EEG mostly reflect electrical activity in the cortex, but include electrical activity in the cortex, but include contributions from the whole brain.contributions from the whole brain.
Frequency (cycles/sec or
Hz)
Cognitive Processes
1-3 Delta Restoration during deep sleep. Delta is also seen during waking when brain areas are strongly inhibited from firing.
4-5 Theta1 Drowsiness and dreaming
5-7.5 Theta2 Inner mental processes such as during a memory task
8-10 Alpha1 Inner wakefulness (Seen during TM)
10-12 Alpha2 Brain modules primed to be used in a task, but currently are quiet (Seen during eyes-closed rest)
16-20 Beta1 Ongoing processing of experience
20-50 Gamma Strong focus or concentration (Seen right now in your brain…)
Power SpectrumPower Spectrum
Power Maps: Frontal Theta
Task: 5 sec – 0 secTask: 5 sec – 0 secTask: 5 sec – 0 secTask: 5 sec – 0 sec
AlphaAlpha Beta Beta GammaGamma
TM: 30 sec – 35 secTM: 30 sec – 35 secTM: 30 sec – 35 secTM: 30 sec – 35 sec
AlphaAlpha Beta Beta GammaGamma
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Inward strokeInward stroke Outward StrokeOutward Stroke
Inward and Outward Strokes of TMInward and Outward Strokes of TM
Travis, 2001
Transcendental Consciousness Transcendental Consciousness Apneustic Breathing and Autonomic Apneustic Breathing and Autonomic
MeasuresMeasures
Travis, 2000
““Whatever the object is, if the subject keeps on changing, the Whatever the object is, if the subject keeps on changing, the knowledge will keep on changing. A fresh, alert man likes oranges, but if, when knowledge will keep on changing. A fresh, alert man likes oranges, but if, when he starts to feel sleepy and dull, some says, Here is some very sweet orange he starts to feel sleepy and dull, some says, Here is some very sweet orange juice. Would you like it? he may not even say no; he is now sinking another state juice. Would you like it? he may not even say no; he is now sinking another state of consciousness: drowsiness, sleep. The same orange juice, which was so of consciousness: drowsiness, sleep. The same orange juice, which was so sweet, so likeable, now has not much value and does not draw his attention at sweet, so likeable, now has not much value and does not draw his attention at all. So knowledge differs on the basis of the differing states of consciousness of all. So knowledge differs on the basis of the differing states of consciousness of the knower.the knower.”” Maharishi Maharishi
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TM Versus Eyes-Closed RestTM Versus Eyes-Closed Rest
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Alpha1 Frontal
Coherence
Beta1 Frontal Coherence
Alpha1 Frontal Power
Beta1 Frontal Power
Gamma Frontal Power
TM Eyes Closed
Frontal Power
Differences
Frontal Coherence Differences
Travis et al, 2010
fMRI (Blood Flow) during TM
Red = Higher Blood Flow
Blue= Lower Blood Flow
Transcendental Consciousness, the Transcendental Consciousness, the fourth state of consciousness fourth state of consciousness experienced during Transcendental experienced during Transcendental Meditation practice between Meditation practice between thoughts, is also available between thoughts, is also available between states of consciousness.states of consciousness.
Transcendental Consciousness and Transcendental Consciousness and the Junction Point Model the Junction Point Model
Transcendental Consciousness and Transcendental Consciousness and the Junction Point Model the Junction Point Model
Junction Point Model
Travis, 1994
Junction Junction Point in Point in non-non-meditators meditators falling falling asleep and asleep and during TMduring TM
Transcendental Consciousness Transcendental Consciousness and the Junction Pointand the Junction Point
Transcendental Consciousness Transcendental Consciousness and the Junction Pointand the Junction Point
Travis, 1994
Junction points between sleeping and dreaming
Travis, 1994
Srīmad BhāgavatumSrīmad Bhāgavatum
• Discourse XIII, 4Discourse XIII, 4– ““With eyes turned towards the Self, With eyes turned towards the Self,
he should discover the true nature of he should discover the true nature of the Self at the point of contact the Self at the point of contact between deep sleep and waking life between deep sleep and waking life and look upon both bondage and and look upon both bondage and release as illusion and not real.”release as illusion and not real.”
Main PointMain PointThe continuous firing of 100 billion The continuous firing of 100 billion
neurons, each responding to different neurons, each responding to different aspects of experience, create the aspects of experience, create the electrical field around the brain that are electrical field around the brain that are sampled by EEG recording. sampled by EEG recording. Changes Changes in the whole electrical field in the whole electrical field characterize conscious experience and characterize conscious experience and states of consciousness from sleeping states of consciousness from sleeping to pure consciousness. to pure consciousness.
Small Group ExerciseSmall Group Exercise
• Why might changes in brain Why might changes in brain functioning be seen primarily in functioning be seen primarily in the frontal areas of the brain the frontal areas of the brain during TM practice?during TM practice?
• A considerable body of previous research on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has A considerable body of previous research on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has helped characterize the regional specificity of various cognitive functions, such helped characterize the regional specificity of various cognitive functions, such as cognitive control and decision making. Here we provide definitive findings as cognitive control and decision making. Here we provide definitive findings on this topic, using a neuropsychological approach that takes advantage of a on this topic, using a neuropsychological approach that takes advantage of a unique dataset accrued over several decades. We applied voxel-based lesion-unique dataset accrued over several decades. We applied voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping in 344 individuals with focal lesions (165 involving the PFC) symptom mapping in 344 individuals with focal lesions (165 involving the PFC) who had been tested on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. who had been tested on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. Two distinct functional-anatomical networks were revealed within the PFC: one Two distinct functional-anatomical networks were revealed within the PFC: one associated with cognitive control (response inhibition, conflict monitoring, and associated with cognitive control (response inhibition, conflict monitoring, and switching), which included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior switching), which included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex and a second associated with value-based decision-making, cingulate cortex and a second associated with value-based decision-making, which included the orbitofrontal, ventromedial, and frontopolar cortex. which included the orbitofrontal, ventromedial, and frontopolar cortex. Furthermore, cognitive control tasks shared a common performance factor Furthermore, cognitive control tasks shared a common performance factor related to set shifting that was linked to the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. By related to set shifting that was linked to the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. By contrast, regions in the ventral PFC were required for decision-making. These contrast, regions in the ventral PFC were required for decision-making. These findings provide detailed causal evidence for a remarkable functional-findings provide detailed causal evidence for a remarkable functional-anatomical specificity in the human PFC.anatomical specificity in the human PFC.
Prism analogyPrism analogy
Decomposing a complex signal into component waves. Decomposing a complex signal into component waves.
Raw
Delta 0-4 Hz
Theta 4-8 Hz
Alpha 8-12 Hz
Beta 12-20 Hz
Gamma 20-50 Hz
FFT
FFT
FFT
FFT
FFT
Power = Amplitude squared Power = Amplitude squared
amplitude
amplitude
Alpha
Beta
DefaultDefault Network: Network: Frontal-Midline circuitsFrontal-Midline circuits (eLORETA-exact Low Resolution Electrotomography)(eLORETA-exact Low Resolution Electrotomography)
Travis et al, 2010
Concrete Concrete Experience Experience Concrete Concrete Experience Experience
EmotionsEmotionsEmotionsEmotions
ThinkingThinkingThinkingThinking
CEOCEO
Make into transnecnding…Make into transnecnding…
Motor
ActionAction
Anterior-Posterior
Alpha Synchrony
Hebert et al, 2005. Journal of Signal Processing.
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