bostenaru transsylvanianostra internet

Timber frame buildings: Timber frame buildings: Gaiola Pombalina and Gaiola Pombalina and

FachwerkFachwerk

Maria BOSTENARU DANMaria BOSTENARU DAN

The gaiola pombalina building typeThe gaiola pombalina building type

1755 earthquake in Lisbon1755 earthquake in Lisbon City centre of Lisbon (Baixa district)City centre of Lisbon (Baixa district) 3D timber skeleton structure in the interior and 3D timber skeleton structure in the interior and

thick masonry for the exterior wallsthick masonry for the exterior walls St. Andrew crossSt. Andrew cross World Housing Encyclopedia World Housing Encyclopedia

http://www.world-housing.net Visit of a building siteVisit of a building site

Timber skeleton (gaiola pombalina)Timber skeleton (gaiola pombalina)

Old fabric and new additions in a Old fabric and new additions in a gaiola pombalina buildinggaiola pombalina building

Aerial view of the Baixa districtAerial view of the Baixa districtwith gaiola pombalina buildingswith gaiola pombalina buildings

Exterior of a gaiola pombalina houseExterior of a gaiola pombalina house

AzulejosAzulejos

Facede with and without azulejosFacede with and without azulejos

The gaiola pombalina building The gaiola pombalina building (continued)(continued)

18th century buildings18th century buildings No baroque features, decorated with azulejosNo baroque features, decorated with azulejos Gradually exclusion of timber elementsGradually exclusion of timber elements Functional problems with too small roomsFunctional problems with too small rooms New additions: similarity with existing New additions: similarity with existing

connectionsconnections Initially commercial use GF, residential above, Initially commercial use GF, residential above,

today officetoday office

The gaiola pombalina building The gaiola pombalina building (continued)(continued)

Studies on earthquake performance, CFRP Studies on earthquake performance, CFRP strengtheningstrengthening

Similarities with himiş (Turkey), dhaji dewari Similarities with himiş (Turkey), dhaji dewari (Nepal), casa barracata (Italy)(Nepal), casa barracata (Italy)

Also in England: half-timberedAlso in England: half-timbered Ship structure – typical for seaside, not Ship structure – typical for seaside, not

earthquake prone zones, like the Northern earthquake prone zones, like the Northern German typeGerman type

Fachwerk housesFachwerk houses

Entirely timber structureEntirely timber structure A type of structure frequent in Germany but A type of structure frequent in Germany but

rare in Romaniarare in Romania Two types:Two types:

Northern GermanNorthern German Southern GermanSouthern German

Mainly about the Southern German (in the Mainly about the Southern German (in the border triangle: France, Switzerland, border triangle: France, Switzerland, Germany)Germany)

Northern German Fachwerk houseNorthern German Fachwerk housedesen dupa Lachner (1887) desen dupa Lachner (1887) desen dupa Lachner (1887)

Drawing after Lachner (1887)

desen dupa Lachner (1887)

Construction materialsConstruction materials

Alps Portugal

Infill adobe sandstone

Skeleton oak (sometimes fir) fir and oak

Roof oak fir and oak

Floor oak fir and oak

Southern German Fachwerk houseSouthern German Fachwerk house

Drawing after Lachner (1887)

Fachwerk houses in GermanyFachwerk houses in Germany

Typical building in southern GermanyTypical building in southern Germany

Photo Michael Kauffmann, 2004

Half-timbered houses in Half-timbered houses in Strassbourg, FranceStrassbourg, France

Half-timbered houses in Half-timbered houses in Strassbourg, FranceStrassbourg, France

Half-timbered house in StrassbourgHalf-timbered house in Strassbourg

Fachwerkhouse in Basel, SwitzerlandFachwerkhouse in Basel, Switzerland

Southern German Fachwerk houseSouthern German Fachwerk house

Rich in ornaments, outbuildings and annexes Rich in ornaments, outbuildings and annexes (ex. Lugaus)(ex. Lugaus)

(Northern German type: the ornaments are (Northern German type: the ornaments are subordinated to the overall concept of the ship)subordinated to the overall concept of the ship)

Sometimes simply displaying the timber Sometimes simply displaying the timber structure as ornamentstructure as ornament

Some buildings as old as 700 yearsSome buildings as old as 700 years

Details of a “lugaus”Details of a “lugaus”

Drawing after Lachner (1887)

Parapet ornamentsParapet ornaments

Drawing after Lachner (1887)

Photo Michael Kauffmann, 2004

Courtyard and passageCourtyard and passage

Drawing after Lachner (1887)

Photo Michael Kauffmann, 2004

Fachwerk house: load bearing Fachwerk house: load bearing systemsystem

Timber frame system (joist and post system) Timber frame system (joist and post system) with infill: adobe on willow basketry (smaller with infill: adobe on willow basketry (smaller area) wooden planks in Switzerland for the area) wooden planks in Switzerland for the Southern type (more elasticity) and brick Southern type (more elasticity) and brick masonry for the Northern typemasonry for the Northern type

Storeys are built as consolesStoreys are built as consoles Not all joists are vertical: braces and tiesNot all joists are vertical: braces and ties The gravity and lateral load bearing system are The gravity and lateral load bearing system are

the samethe same

Fachwerk house: load bearing Fachwerk house: load bearing systemsystem

Windows are placed arbitrarilyWindows are placed arbitrarily The gable overlooks the streetThe gable overlooks the street Earthquake resistantEarthquake resistant Basel earthquake (1356)Basel earthquake (1356)

Key load-bearing elementsKey load-bearing elements

Key load-bearing elementsKey load-bearing elements

Photo Michael Kauffmann, 2004

Connection between horizontal and Connection between horizontal and vertical load bearing elementsvertical load bearing elements

Photo Michael Kauffmann, 2004

Infill materialInfill material

Photo Michael Kauffmann, 2004

ConclusionsConclusions

Lessons can be learned for reinforced concrete Lessons can be learned for reinforced concrete constructionconstruction

ReferencesReferences

Lachner, Carl: Lachner, Carl: Geschichte der Holzbaukunst in Geschichte der Holzbaukunst in Deutschland [Deutschland [History of the Timber History of the Timber Construction in Germany]. Leipzig. E. A. Construction in Germany]. Leipzig. E. A. Seemann: 1887. (reprint in "libri rari" Seemann: 1887. (reprint in "libri rari" Hannover 1983)Hannover 1983)

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

PIANO projectPIANO project

MERG-CT-2007-200636MERG-CT-2007-200636