born april 1858 jewish section of epinal, france family: close-knit not wealthy but respected hey...

Born April 1858

Jewish section of Epinal, France

Family: Close-knit

Not wealthy but respected

Hey Hey Durkheim

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgA41FMY0oQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxVImdGYu3IFunctionalism

1887 first faculty appointment1st Sociology course

Chair: Dept. of Social Sciences 1896-1902 (University of Bordeaux)

Married, 2 children (Son, Andre died in WWI)

Died at 59

Rapid industrializationConflict: Workers and Owners

Paris Commune (1871)Workers seized Paris

Established egalitarian republic

Government destroyed commune

Killed 20,000 working-class people

History of Political InstabilityMonarchy of Louis XVI

French Revolution (1789)

Dictatorship of Napoleon I (1799-1815)

Restoration of Bourbon monarchy

Bourbons overthrown (1830)

Durkheim lived in 3rd RepublicPeople had lost moral unity

Remnants of previous governmentsPeople supported:

DemocracyMonarchySocialism

1) InstabilityEconomicPolitical

2) ViolenceWorkers & employersBetween nationsAnti-Semitism

3) DecadenceSelf-centeredNo sense of community

Purpose of Sociology=Explain how to make modern society work

Develop positivist laws

Solve problems

Address moral crises

Create stability

Morality composed-3 elements:

1. Discipline (Constrains egoistic impulses)

2. Attachment (Voluntarily join groups)

3. Autonomy (Individual responsibility)

EducationProvides children with moral

tools

Occupational associations Adults acquire morals

KantMorality without divinity Sense of duty

Saint-SimonSociology->Moral lawsHold society together

ComteSocial stability & change

SpencerSocial evolution

Social SolidarityDynamic DensitySocial FactsCollective ConsciousnessCollective RepresentationsSocial CurrentsSociety as a distinct social realityIndividual as Dualistic

A set of norms, values, and morals that hold a certain group of people together

“The ties that bind”

Social context: Growing individualismSocial dislocationMoral diversification

1) Mechanical SolidarityNon-industrial societiesMinimal division of laborFew occupationsSimilarity bound people together

2) Organic SolidarityMore advanced societies (industrial)

Increased division of labor Many occupationsDifference & Interdependencycreate solidarity

“Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling, external to the individual & endowed with the power of coercion, by reason of which they control him.”

Independent of any single individual

Only explained by other social facts

1. Material factsSocial structures

Economy, Family, Social class

Morphological Facts Form and Structure

Population size and densityGeographical location

2. Nonmaterial factsNorms

Values

Collective representations

Collective consciousness

3. Social currents Not as clearly formedExamples:

Enthusiasm in crowdsIndignation in crowdsDepression in particular social groups

Totality of beliefs & sentiments common to average member of society

Exists before individuals

Survives individuals

Experienced as external forceShapes behavior

Varies from society to societyBased on division of labor

1. Volume=# of people involved

2. Intensity=How deeply belief felt

3. Rigidity=Clarity of definition

4. Content=Form

Volume=Most people involved

Intensity=Felt deeply about it

Rigidity=Clearly defined

Content=Religious & economic

Volume=Large # but smaller % of population

Intensity=Less deeply felt

Rigidity=Broadly defined

Content=Personal

Society=distinct form of social reality

Not reduced to biology or psychology

Not mere sum of its parts

Individual and Social

Individual part

Inborn

Self-centered

Social Part -> Socialization Altruistic

Group oriented

Needs nurturing & developing

Lack of regulation Division of laborOverspecializationInability to adjustLack of regular contact

Norms (Behavior expectations)Confused Unclear or Not present

Modern individualsWeak bonds

Social regulation breakdown

Ineffective control on individual desires & interests

Individuals on their own

Human’s dual nature-> Breakdown of moralsIncreasing devianceSocial unrest UnhappinessStress

Suicide rates are social facts

4 types of suicide:1. Egoistic2. Altruistic3. Anomic4. Fatalistic

Durkheim defined suicide as:

“death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result.”

Low social integrationLow group solidarity Depend on selfExcessive individualism

Vulnerable groups:Urban dwellersIndustrial workersProtestantsUnmarried men

High social integrationHigh social integrationExcessive integration Excessive integration Completely Completely absorbed by groupabsorbed by groupDutyDuty to commit suicide for to commit suicide for groupgroup

Examples:Examples:Hara-Kiri Hara-Kiri Modern society—ArmyModern society—Army

Low social regulationBreakdown of moral communityNo rules or vague rules

Examples:AdolescentsWhite men

Excessive social regulationToo tightly controlledFew choices

Examples:SlavesMarried women--Divorce not available

Institutionalized SociologyTaught first class

Sociologists -> Social facts

Conducted research

Standard for research style & presentation

Literature reviewTheoretical contextTestable hypothesesUse of statisticsImplications of findings