body systems the foundations. hierarchy of the body smallest unit = atom. grouped atoms = molecules...
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Hierarchy of the Body
• Smallest unit = atom. • Grouped atoms = molecules• Multiple molecules = organelles• Organelles = system of cells• Cell cluster = tissues/organs• Organ systems = organism
Overview of Cell & Cell Membrane
• Outside = Plasma Membrane• Inside = Cytoplasm• Fluid = Cytosol • Nucleus = Genetic Center• Cytoskeleton = Maintain Shape• Mitochondria = Energy• Ribosome's = Proteins• Lysosomes = digestive enzymes
KaryoplasmMitochondrionChromatin
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
GolgiApparatus
Phagocytic Vesicle
Peroxisome
Lysosome
Free Ribosome
Centrioles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
Cytoskeleton
Glands
• Several types in the human body• Exocrine glands secrete products into tubes/ducts• Endocrine glands secrete products into spaces between cells
• Picked up by blood/lymph system• Have impact on target tissues
• Unicellular or Multi-Cellular
Epithelia
• Make up organs and binding material in body• Four types:
• Single layer flattened cells-simple squamous• Single layer cube cells-simple cuboidal• Single layer long columnar cells-simple columnar • Multiple layers of flattened cells-
• Transitional • Stratified squamous
Connective Tissue
• Varied group of associated tissues• Cells, fibers, matrix
• Tissues that belong to connective tissue:• Loose connective tissue• Collagenous fibers• Elastic fibers• Reticular fibers
• Tissues:• Dense regular• Dense irregular• Elastic fibers• Reticular fibers• Adipose tissue
Collagenous fiber
Fibrocyte
Elastic Fiber
Matrix
Collagenous fiber
Collagenous fiber
Elastic fiber
Elastic Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
Reticular Fibers
Loose Connective
Dense irregular connectiveAdipocyte
Regular connective
Collagenous fiber
Adipose Tissue
Connective Tissue Continued
• Cartilage:• Hyaline cartilage• Fibro cartilage• Elastic cartilage
• Bone cells = osteocytes• Matrix in blood:
• Plasma/Erythrocytes/Leukocytes
Muscle and Nervous Tissue
• Muscle Tissues:• Skeletal tissue• Cardiac muscle• Smooth Muscle• Nervous Tissue
Cell
Cardiac MuscleSkeletal Muscle
Intercalated discNucleiNucleiStriations
Cell
Nuclei
Smooth Muscle
Nerve Cell Body
Glial Cells
Dendrites
Nervous Tissue
NucleusAxon
• Functions• Frame work• Allows movement• Supports and protects organs• Storage system • Produce cells (blood/immune)
Skeletal System
• A joint is the point at which two bones meet• Types of joints:
• Hinge• Gliding• Rotating• Condyloid • Ball and socket• Saddle
Synovial Joints
Skeletal Systema. True Ribs
b. False Ribs
c. Costal Cartilage
d. Floating Ribs
Clavicle
Metacarpals
Carpals
UlnaRadius
Humerus
Scapulae
Phalanges
Think, Pair, Share•Evaluate the intricacy of a bone and how it is constantly changing due to its environment.
• What are the benefits of physical activity on bones and what type of activity do bones benefit from?
Muscular System• Functions
• Tissues work with skeletal system for movement• Voluntary action• Maintain posture and stabilize joints• Contract/isometric/isotonic • Flexion/Extension/Hyper extension • Provides heat
Muscular System
Flexor/Extensor Carpi
Biceps
Quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior
Deltoid
Trapezius
Frontalis
Flexor/Extensor DigitorumRectus Abdominis
External Internal Oblique
Diaphragm
Pectoralis
External/Internal Intercostals
Muscular System
Teres Minor Infraspinatus
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Rhomboid Major
Triceps
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Teres Major
Rhomboid Minor
Muscular SystemParts
• Approximately 650 muscles• Individual bundles
• Enclosed by sarcolemma • Sarcomere
• Actin and myosin
• Neuromuscular junction• Sliding Filament Theory
• Muscle fibers- endomysium- myofibrils - myofilaments• Actin and Myosin interact with sarcomere bounded by z line
• ATP = breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration
Think, Pair, Share•Recall the complexity of the sliding filament theory and how actin and myosin work together in order to create a muscle contraction.
• Discuss and provide an analogy to explain how a muscle receives an impulse from the brain to the muscle in order to perform a contraction.
Circulatory System
• Functions• Distribute nutrients• Transport wastes• Distribute hormones• Regulate body temperature
• Transport• Oxygen• Carbon Dioxide • Nutrients• H20• Hormones• Waste Products
• Immune Response• WBC
Circulatory System
Internal Jugular Vein
Common carotid artery
Superior vena cava
Brachial artery
Inferior vena cava
Aortic arch
Heart
Pulmonary trunk
Aorta
Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Circulatory System
• Parts• Aorta• L/R Atrium• L/R Ventricle • Pulmonary • Arteries• Capillaries• Veins • Red Blood Cells• White blood Cells• Plasma• Platelets
Circulatory System
• Blood Flow• Cardiac Cycle• Systolic –pressure at contraction (less than 120)• Diastolic– pressure at rest (less than 80)
• Two Major Circulations• Pulmonary Circulation• Systemic Circulation
Circulatory System
1. Vena cava2. Right atrium3. Right ventricle4. Pulmonary Arteries5. Lungs
Blood’s Path Through the Heart - Deoxygenated
Circulatory System
6. Lungs7. Pulmonary Veins8. Left atrium9. Left ventricle10. Aorta11. Body
Blood’s Path Through the Heart - Oxygenated
Circulatory System
Superior Vena Cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary Capillary Bed
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Vein
Venule
Aorta
Left atrium
Left Ventricle
Pulmonary Capillary Bed
Descending aorta
artery
Arteriole
Circulatory System
• Problems• Heart Disease• Heart attack• Stroke• Arrhythmias• Hypertension • Anemia• Arteriosclerosis
• Repair• Angioplasty• Bypass Surgery• Stents• Heart Transplants• Pacemakers
Circulatory System
• Interesting Facts• The average size of a human heart is about the size of your fist• Blood is mostly made of salt• There are 5 liters of blood in an adult• Plasma makes up 55% of blood• Blood types are : A, B AB, or O• Blood replaced by transfusion• Cardiac muscle does not tire out
Think, Pair, Share•Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States.
• What are some strategies and life style factors that can help increase our heart’s health and longevity?
Functions
• Ingest food• Break down food • Move through digestive tract• Absorb digested food , nutrients and fluid• Eliminates waste materials
Digestive System• Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Mouth• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Small intestine• Large Intestine• Rectum
Digestive System
• Accessory Organs• Liver
• cleans• Pancreas
• Insulin• Salivary Glands
• enzymes• Gall bladder
• bile
• Appendix• No use
Digestive System
Mouth
a. Alimentary canal
Esophagus
Gall Bladder
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Acessory organs
Rectum
Anus
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Digestive System• Process
1. Ingestion2. Movement3. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion4. Absorption5. Elimination
Digestive SystemBest Practices:• Nutrient Dense- High nutrients compared to
calories • Stay away from
• excessive calories/fats/oils• clear of alcohol
• Lots of:• Fruits, fiber, water, whole grains, lean meats
Think, Pair, Share
•What we put into our bodies matter for today and tomorrow.
• List two foods/drinks that can be good for your health and two foods/drinks that can be bad for your health
Digestive System• Problems
• Ulcers• Reflux• Gallstones• Lactose Intolerance • Diverticulitis • Inflammatory Bowl Disease (Crohn’s)• Celiac Disease• Constipation • Irritable Bowel Syndrome • Bloating• Diarrhea
• Gallstones• Liver
• filters/detoxifies/proteins/metabolize• Issues: edema, bleeding, jaundice, gallstones,
• Function• Release hormones
• Control functions • Development• Growth
• Hormones are messenger• Act on target cells• Programmed response to molecular triggers
The Endocrine System
• Parts• Pineal gland• Thyroid gland• Parathyroid glands• Pituitary gland• Adrenal: 2 glands
• Cortex• Medulla
• Endocrine cells in other organs• Pancreas• Thymus• Gonads• Hypothalamus
The Endocrine SystemPineal Body
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
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The Endocrine System
• Hormones• TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone• ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone• FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone• LH: luteinizing hormone• GH: growth hormone• PRL: prolactin• MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone• ADH: antidiuretic hormone• Oxytocin
The Endocrine System• Problems
• Goiter• Graves • Giantism• Acromeagaly• Pituitary dwarfs• Diabetes inspidius• Diabetes
The Lymph System
ArterioleVenule
Thoracic Duct
Cisterna Chyli
Spleen
Lymphatic
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Capillaries
The Lymph System
• Lymphatic system• Defense system
• Filters and drains• Antibodies• Produce WBC• Collects, distributes fluids and nutrients
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