bmr of metabolism
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Carbohydrate MetabolismCarbohydrate MetabolismThe body’s preferred source to produce cellular energy (ATP)
Glucose (blood sugar) is the major digestive product and serves as fuel to make ATP
Figure 14.17
Figure 14.18
Metabolic Pathways Involved in Metabolic Pathways Involved in Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvic acidoxidizing glucose to pyruvic acid
Figure 6.9A
Glucose Pyruvicacid
Energy yield: 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Pyruvic acid is altered for the citric Pyruvic acid is altered for the citric acid cycleacid cycle
Figure 6.10
Pyruvicacid
CO2
Acetyl CoA(acetyl coenzyme A)
The citric acid cycle completes The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuelthe oxidation of organic fuel
enzymes convert acetyl to CO2 and generate NADH and FADH2 molecules
Figure 6.11A
Acetyl CoA
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
2CO2
Steps in the Electron Transport Steps in the Electron Transport SystemSystem
Figure 3.28
1. Set up H+ gradient using energy of e- from NADH, FADH22. Downhill flow of H+ is used to make ATP
An overview of cellular respiration
Figure 6.8
High-energy electrons carried by NADH
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose Pyruvicacid
CITRIC ACID
CYCLE
ELECTRONTRANSPORT CHAIN
AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
MitochondrionCytoplasmic
fluid
Fermentation is an anaerobic Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to aerobic alternative to aerobic respirationrespiration
Without oxygen, cells can use glycolysis alone to produce small amounts of ATP
◦ But a cell must replenish NAD+
Glucose Pyruvicacid
In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
– NAD+ is recycled
• Contributes to muscle soreness
GLYCOLYSIS
2 Pyruvicacid
2 Lactic acidGlucose
Figure 6.15B
Pathways of molecular breakdown
Figure 6.16
Food, such as peanuts
Polysaccharides Fats Proteins
Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids
Amino groups
Glucose G3PPyruvic
acid
GLYCOLYSIS
AcetylCoA
CITRIC ACIDSCYCLE
ELECTRONTRANSPORT CHAIN
AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
Biosynthesis of macromolecules from intermediates in cellular respiration
Figure 6.17
ATP needed todrive biosynthesis
PolyscaccharidesFatsProteins
CITRIC ACID
CYCLE
AcetylCoA
Pyruvicacid G3P Glucose
GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS
Aminogroups
Amino acids Fatty acids Glycerol Sugars
Cells, tissues, organisms
Body Energy BalanceBody Energy Balance
Energy intake = total energy output (heat + work + energy storage)◦Energy intake from food oxidation
Proteins, carbs have 4 Cal/gm Fats have 9 Cal/gm
◦Energy output Heat is usually about 60% Storage energy is in the form of fat or glycogen
Regulation of Food IntakeRegulation of Food Intake
Body weight is usually relatively stable
◦ Energy intake and output remain about equal
Mechanisms that may regulate food intake
◦ Levels of nutrients in the blood◦ Hormones: leptin, ghrelin◦ Body temperature◦ Psychological factors
Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Metabolic Rate and Body Heat ProductionProduction
Basic metabolic rate (BMR) reflects the amount of energy spent per unit of time by a body at rest
Factors that influence BMR:◦ Body shape (height and weight),
gender, body composition, age, stress, food intake,
geneticsTMR = Total Metabolic Rate
◦ Total energy spent, includes activity above BMR
Estimation of BMREstimation of BMR
Johnson: your weight in kg (# lbs/2.2) x 24 (x 0.9 if female) = Calories per day
Your weight in kg (# lbs/2.2) x % lean mass males usually 82-88% females usually 75-82%
Then check table (next slide)
ESTIMATION OF RESTING METABOLIC RATE (RMR)BASED ON FAT-FREE BODY MASS (FFM)
FFM RMR FFM RMR FFMRMR
(kg) (kcal) (kg) (kcal) (kg)(kcal)
30 1018 58 1623 862228
31 1040 59 1644 872249
32 1061 60 1666 882271
33 1083 61 1688 892299
34 1104 62 1709 902314
35 1126 63 1731 912336
36 1148 64 1752 922357
37 1169 65 1774 932379
38 1191 66 1796 942400
39 1212 67 1817 952422
40 1234 68 1839 962444
41 1256 69 1860 972465
42 1277 70 1882 982487
43 1299 71 1904 992508
44 1320 72 1925 1002530
45 1342 73 1947 1012552
46 1364 74 1968 1022373
47 1385 75 1990 1032595
48 1407 76 2012 1042616
49 1428 77 2033 1052638
50 1450 78 2055 1062660
51 1472 79 2076 1072681
52 1493 80 2098 1062703
53 1515 81 2120 1092724
54 1536 82 2141 1102746
55 1558 83 2163 1112768
56 1580 84 2184 1122789
57 1601 85 2206 113 2811
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