blood/immunity lab biol 326l. composition of blood total blood volume is ~ 5l consists of formed...
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Blood/Immunity Lab
BIOL 326L
Composition of Blood
• Total blood volume is ~ 5L
• Consists of formed elements (cells) suspended in plasma
• Plasma is liquid consisting of H20 & dissolved solutes– Includes
proteins/antibodies, ions, organic molecules, hormones
13-7
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Characteristics of Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells are:• Erythrocytes• Biconcave discs • One-third hemoglobin or:
• Oxyhemoglobin(+ oxygen)• Deoxyhemoglobin
• Able to readily squeeze through capillaries• Lack nuclei and mitochondria
.
Top view
2.0 micrometers
7.5 micrometers
Sectional view
(a)
(b)
b: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Blood Type and Blood Typing using Antibody-Antigen
Immune Reaction
Antibodies/Antigens
Blood Typing & RBC Antigens • Antigens present on RBC surface specify blood type (A and B)• Major antigen group
– Type A blood has only A antigens– Type B has only B antigens– Type AB has both A & B antigens
• AB
– Type O has neither A or B antigens
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**many more antigens have been identified, and typing is going towards “gene chips”
Rh Factor
• Is another type of antigen found on RBCs
• Rh+ has Rho(D) antigens; Rh- does not
• RH+ most common
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Anitbodies• Type A blood = has
antibodies to Type B antigens• Type B blood = has
antibodies to Type A antigens• Type AB blood = doesn’t
have antibodies to either Type A or B antigen (“universal recipient”)
• Type O blood = has antibodies to both Type A & B antigens(“universal donor”)
• If different blood types are mixed, antibodies will cause mixture to agglutinate
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Agglutination• Type O- is “universal donor” because lacks
A & B antigens– Recipient’s antibodies won’t agglutinate donor’s
RBCs
• Type AB+ is “universal recipient” because doesn’t make anti-A or anti-B antibodies– Won’t agglutinate donor’s RBCs
• Can cause problems when Rh- mother has Rh+ babies– In Erythroblastosis fetalis, this happens & antibodies cross
placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs
**remember, rxn. To donor antigens by
Recipient blood that causes problem, donor antibodies insignificant
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*
• Blood Typing– Anti-A=ab to A– Anti-B– Anti-Rho– Agglutination
= RBCs contain those antigens
RBC Count/ Hematocrit• Hematocrit = ratio of packed RBCs to blood
volume– Centrifuge blood sample in hematocrit tube – Normal
• Male = 47±7%• Female = 42±5%
Anemia can be due to loss of RBC’s, decreased production of RBC’s, or decreased hemoglobin synthesis (or destruction), resulting in inability to
Utilize oxygen properly
Anemia may result from destruction of RBC’s by oxidative damage or immune reaction against the RBC:
Heintz body anemia: oxidative damage to hemoglogin
Can be due to glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase deficiencyAnd subsequent sensitivity to quinine, other drugs
(onion toxicosis in dogs!)
Eccentrocytes: oxidative damage to RBC
IMHA and ITP: immune mediated Hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia
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Neutrophils• Light purple granules in acid-base stain• Lobed nucleus when mature• Other names
• Segs• Polymorphonuclear leukocyte• Bands (young neutrophils)
• First to arrive at infections• Phagocytic• 54% - 62% of leukocytes• Elevated in bacterial infections
© Ed Reschke
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Eosinophils• Deep red granules in cytoplasm• Bi-lobed nucleus• Moderate allergic reactions• Defend against parasitic worm infestations• 1% - 3% of leukocytes• Elevated in parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions
© Ed Reschke
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Basophils
• Deep blue granules in basic stain• Release histamine• Release heparin• Less than 1% of leukocytes• (least common)
© Ed Reschke
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Monocytes• Largest of all blood cells kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei• Leave bloodstream to become macrophages• 3% - 9% of leukocytes• Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris
© R. Kessel/Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Lymphocytes• Slightly larger than RBC• Large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm• T cells and B cells
• Both important in immunity• B cells produce antibodies• 25% - 33% of leukocytes
© Ed Reschke
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Platelets=thrombocytes
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CLOTTING DISORDERS:1. platelets =thrombocytopeniasdecreases ability to form primary
clot; leads to bleeding2. decreased clotting factor,
anywhere in clotting cascade=coagulopathy
clotting cascade leads to fibrin clot in healthy individual
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Blood Platelets
•Platelet adhesion can be decreased With drugs (aspirin/plavix) or some health problems*Platelet number can be decreased in disease states, causing bleeding*
Coagulopathies:
Decrease in any clotting factor can disrupt cascade, so fibrin prodn
prevented. Causes include: Von Willebrand’s, hemophilia, Vit.K
deficiency(used up in bleeding),almost any cancer, rodent poison
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Clotting tests:
1. PT=prothrombin timetests function of extrinsic and
common pathwayincreased time indicates problem
2. PTT=partial thrombin
tests intrinsic system so increased time indicates problem
Clotting tests:
aiha
Onion toxicosis
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