bis2c. biodiversity and the tree of life. 2014. l15. fungi

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014

Lecture 15

Lecture 15 !

Fungi !!

BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life

Spring 2014 !

Prof. Jonathan Eisen

Where we are going and where we have been

• Previous Lecture: !14: Fungi and Symbioses

• Current Lecture: !15: Fungi and humans

• Next Lecture: !16: Plant Introduction

Mean and Median Totals

Whole Class Mean: 85.66 Median: 88 !Section A Mean: 85.94 Median: 88 !Section B Mean: 85.42 Median: 88

Distribution of Scores

Question by Question Scores

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Average

Top 1/4

Bottom 1/4

Can Mushrooms Save the Planet?

• Fungal mutualisms !Lichens !Mycorrhizae !Fungal farming by ants

• Fungi in the human microbiome

• Fungi and food

• Fungi and pharmaceuticals

• Fungi and industry

• Fungi and ecology7

Mutualisms

Key Concepts: Mutualisms

• Mutualisms (symbioses where both partners benefit) are pervasive

• Determining what the partners provide for each other can reveal insights into ecosystems and each organism

Figure 30.7 Lichen Body Forms

Lichens

Lichens: fungus + photosynthetic microorganism

Together they can survive some of the harshest environments on Earth, such as Antarctica.

About 30,000 “species” are named for the fungal component.

Figure 30.8 Lichen Anatomy

Science Friday on Lichens

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 14

Lichens for dyes

Human uses of lichens: dyes

Mycorrhizae and Plant Mutualisms

Mycorrhiza - a fungal root?

Fungus

In Greek, Myko = fungus Rhiz = root

Mycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae—fungus wraps around the plant roots but does not penetrate cell walls. Web of hyphae penetrates soil around roots, increasing surface area for water and mineral absorption.

Ectomycorrhizae – Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Ectomycorrhizae

20Eucalyptus

Betula

Pseudotsuga

Quercus

• ~ 3-5 % of plants are ectomycorrhizal • Most are woody plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Arbuscular mycorrhizae: hyphae enter root and penetrate cell walls but not the plasma membrane.

As in ectomycorrhizae, the fungus forms a vast web of hyphae in the surrounding soil and increases surface area for water and mineral uptake.

Fungal farming by animals

Fungi Gardening Ants are Monophyletic

25Schultz and Brady. 2008. PNAS 105: 5435.

Fungus gardening ants are a monophyletic group

Fungal farming by leaf cutter ants

Fungal cultivation by animals Termites

Leaf cutter ants

Snails Ambrosia beetles

Fungi in the Human Microbiome

Key Concepts: Ignored Fungi

• Fungi are much more prevalent and diverse than may be appreciated

Great Plate Count Anomaly

Culturing Microscopy

CountCount

Censored

Fungal Microbiome

Cryptomycota

Fungi in Our Homes

Fungi and Food

Penicillium

• Ascomycota.

• Ubiquitous in soil.

• Many different species with diverse functions.

Photo 30.10 Penicillium digitatum growing on an orange.

Penicillium camemberti

• Penicillium camemberti

• Used in production of Brie and Camembert cheeses

Penicillium roqueforti

• Penicillium roqueforti

• Used in production of blue cheeses

The brown mold Aspergillus:

• Aspergillus tamarii acts on soybeans to make soy sauce; A. oryzae is used to brew sake

• Other Aspergillus species grow on grains and nuts and produce extremely carcinogenic aflatoxins

• Aspergillus fumigatus was cause of the primary case in the steroid-injection outbreak

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Ascomycota

• Grows naturally on many fruits (e.g., grapes)

• Also known as Brewer’s yeast and budding yeast

• Fermentation !Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde

+ CO2 --> Ethanol !Ethanol at high levels

kills inhibits the growth of the yeast

Other fungi used in food/ food production?

Figure 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible

Fungi and Pharmaceuticals

Secondary Metabolites

• Secondary metabolites are those that are not essential for growth in pure culture.

• Believed to play an important role in competition among saprobes — invading or protecting substrates.

Penicillium

• Ascomycota

• Ubiquitous in soil

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Staphylococcus “lawn”

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Staphylococcus “lawn”

Vacation Time: took off August 1928

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Staphylococcus “lawn” with mold growing on it. !Bacteria around mold dead.

Returned to lab September 3, 1928

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Penicillium notatum

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Mould juice aka

Penicillin

Penicillium griseofulvum: Griseofulvin

Acremonium strictum: Cephalosporin

Antibiotics

FUNGAL COLONY

INHIBITION ZONE

BACTERIAL GROWTH

• Metabolites that are toxic to other microbes

Fungi and traditional medicine

Fungi and Industry

Composting

Biopulping

Biofuels

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 http://www.international.inra.fr/research/

“mold” fungus

Cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis by Trichoderma

reseii

Wood decay fungus

Break down of lignin by Pycnoporus cinnabarinus

WoodYeast

Sugar fermentation

ETHANOL

Biofuel production chain

Industrial Mycology- enzymes, alcohol, citric acid

UC Davis Phaff Yeast Collection

Kyria Boundy-Mills

Novozymes in Davis

Fungi and Ecosystems / Ecology

Fungi Tolerance

• Many fungi can tolerate hypertonic environments (e.g., molds can grow on jelly in the refrigerator).

• Many fungi tolerate temperature extremes, as low as –6°C, and some tolerate temperatures above 50°C.

Organic matter decay

• Fungi are very important for maintaining Earth’s ecosystems.

• Saprobic fungi (along with bacteria) are the major decomposers, contributing to decay of organic matter and recycling of the elements.

• Fungi are the principal decomposers of cellulose, lignin, and keratin.

• Without fungal decomposers, Earth’s carbon cycle would fail; carbon would be buried. 68

Fungi and Earth History

• During the Carboniferous period, saprobic fungi declined due to peat formation and acidification of swamps. Peat was eventually transformed into coal.

• At the end of the Permian, continents came together and volcanic eruptions triggered a mass extinction, but the fungi flourished.

Figure 30.6 Fungus as Predator

30.2 How Do Fungi Interact with Other Organisms?

Predatory fungi trap microscopic protists and animals.

Many secrete sticky substances so that passing organisms stick tightly to them. The hyphae then quickly invade the prey.

Some soil fungi make a constricting ring that can trap nematodes.

bis2c. biodiversity and the tree of life. 2014. l15. fungi

Science

bis2c. biodiversity and the tree of life. 2014. l1....

l15 water pollution

l15 turing machines

geo l15 flood_drought_india

bis2c: lecture 13: the human microbiome

l15 testing

spelling words l15

bis2c: lecture 7: the tree of life

bis2c. biodiversity and the tree of life. 2014. l10....

bis2c. biodiversity and the tree of life. 2014. l14. fungi

l15 sapr3 process1

bis2c. biodiversity and the tree of life. 2014. l13. fungi

mm zg511-l15

l15 micro evlutn

l15 periodontal evaluation

l15 amebiasis

l15 nested classes

l15 semiconductorsdiodes 1

tma4267linearstatisticalmodelsv2017(l15) - ntnu ·...

bis2c: lecture 24: opisthokonts