biometrics ... by maj praveen tripathi

- MAJ PRAVEEN TRIPATHI A -SYN

AIM

TO ACQUAINT THE CLASS WITH THE CONCEPT AND

APPLICATION OF BIOMETRICS.

PHASES

PHASE I INTRODUCTION

PHASE II HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS

PHASE III CATEGORIES OF BIOMETRICS

PHASE IV VARIOUS BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS

PHASE V FUTURE TRENDS

PHASE I

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS BIOMETRICS? GREEK “BIO” AND “METRICS”

BIOMETRICS IS A TECHNOLOGY THAT INVOLVES AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUES OF INDIVIDUALS

BASED ON THEIR PERSONAL OR PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES.

STRONG OR TWO-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION IS BECOMING A DE FACTO STANDARD IN SECURE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT.

STRONG AUTHENTICATION CAN BE COUPLED WITH PIN , PASSWORD OR A SMART CARD.

BY REPLACING PINs , BIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES CAN PREVENT UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO :

ATMs CELL PHONES SMART CARDS DESKTOP PCs WORKSTATIONS

PHASE II

HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS

14TH CENTURY : MERCHANTS IN CHINA USED CHILDREN’S

PALM AND FOOTPRINTS TO DISTINGUISH THEM FROM ONE ANOTHER.

19TH CENTURY : ALPHOSE BERTILLON A POLICE CLERK IN PARIS INVENTED ANTHROPOMETRY . THE SYSTEM WAS CALLED BERTILLONAGE.

LATE 19TH CENTURY: FINGERPRINTING STARTED BY ANTHROPOLOGIST SIR FRANCIS GALTON.

LATE 20TH CENTURY : AUTOMATED BIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES STARTED

1993 - FIRST IRIS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM.

1994 - FIRST IRIS RECOGNITION ALGORITHM WAS PATENTED

PHASE III

CATEGORIES OF BIOMETRICS

TWO MODES OF BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS:

VERIFICATION MODE – ONE-TO-ONE COMPARISON OF CAPTURED BIOMETRIC WITH THE SPECIFIC TEMPLATE.

IDENTIFICATION MODE – ONE-TO-MANY COMPARISON AGAINST A BIOMETRIC DATABASE TO ESTABLISH THE IDENTITY OF AN UNKNOWN INDIVIDUAL.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE RECOGNITION : NEGATIVE RECOGNITION USED GENERALLY IN FORENSICS.

BIOMETRIC SYSTEM: BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

ENROLLMENT WHEN SYSTEM IS USED FOR THE FIRST TIME.

SENSOR THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE REAL WORLD & SYSTEM.

PRE-PROCESSING ENHANCES THE INPUT BY REMOVING BACKGROUND NOISE, REMOVING ARTIFACTS FROM THE SENSOR.

TEMPLATE GENERATOR GENERATES A TEMPLATE FROM THE SOURCE.

MATCHER USES MATCHING ALGORITHM TO COMPARE TEMPLATES.

PERFORMANCE METRICS

EXTREMELY SENSITIVE – MAY CAUSE FALSE POSITIVES & FALSE NEGATIVES.

SHOULD BE CALIBRATED TO ENSURE ACCURACY.

FALSE ACCEPT RATE OR FALSE MATCH RATE (FAR/FMR)

PROBABILITY OF INCORRECTLY MATCHING THE INPUT PATTERN TO NON-MATCHING TEMPLATE IN DATABASE.

TYPE II ERRORS MOST DANGEROUS

FALSE REJECT RATE OR FALSE NON-MATCH RATE(FRR/FNMR) PROBABILITY OF FAILING TO MATCH BETWEEN THE INPUT PATTERN & A MATCHING TEMPLATE IN DATABASE.

TYPE I ERRORS

RELATIVE OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC(ROC) CURVE IS

A VIRTUAL CHARACTERIZATION BETWEEN THE FAR & FRR.

MATCHING ALGORITCISION GIVES DECISION BASED ON A THRESHOLD.

THRESHOLD DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO FRR & INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO FAR.

CROSSOVER ERROR RATE(CER)

-RATE AT WHICH BOTH ERRORS ARE EQUAL.

-OBTAINED BY ROC CURVE.

-DEVICE WITH LOWEST CER IS THE MOST ACCURATE.

FAILURE TO ENROLL RATE(FTR) RATE AT WHICH ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A TEMPLATE FROM AN INPUT ARE UNSUCCESSFUL.

FAILURE TO CAPTURE RATE(FTC) PROBABILITY THAT THE SYSTEM FAILS TO DETECT A BIOMETRIC INPUT.

TEMPLATE CAPACITY MAX NUMBER OF SETS OF DATA WHICH CAN BE STORED IN THE SYSTEM.

PHASE IV

VARIOUS BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS

FINGERPRINT

HUMAN FINGERPRINTS ARE

MADE UP OF RIDGE ENDINGS

& BIFURCATIONS & OTHER

DETAILED CHARACTERISTICS

CALLED MINUTIAE.

HAS AN EDGE OVER OTHER

ELECTRONIC ACCESS

CONTROL DEVICES.

BEING INCORPORATED IN DAY TO DAY LIFE LIKE LAPTOPS, CELL PHONES, CARS & HOUSE/HOTEL SECURITY.

BIOMETRIC FINGERPRINTING IS DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF FORENSICS AS IT ONLY EXTRACTS SPECIFIC FEATURES FOR LESSER HARD DRIVE SPACE &

QUICKER DATABASE LOOKUPS.

PALM SCAN

PALM SCANNER RECOGNITION SYSTEMS MEASURE & ANALYZE THE OVERALL STRUCTURE, SHAPE & PROPORTIONS OF THE HAND.

IT INCLUDES THE FIVE FINGERPRINTS ALSO.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SKIN SURFACE.

HAND GEOMETRY SHAPE OF A PERSON’S HAND DEFINES HAND GEOMETRY.

PERSON PLACES HAND ON A DEVICE THAT HAS GROOVES FOR EACH FINGER.

SYSTEM COMPARES THE GEOMETRY OF EACH FINGER & THE HAND AS A WHOLE TO THE INFORMATION IN A REFERENCE FILE TO VERIFY THE PERSONS IDENTITY.

RETINA SCAN

DUE TO COMPLEX STRUCTURE OF BLOOD SUPPLYING CAPILLARIES, EACH PERSONS RETINA IS UNIQUE.

RETINA REMAINS UNCHANGED FROM BIRTH TILL DEATH.

THE BLOOD VESSELS WITHIN RETINA ABSORB LIGHT MORE READILY THAN THE SURROUNDING TISSUE & ARE EASILY IDENTIFIED WITH APPROPRIATE LIGHTING.

IRIS SCAN AUTOMATED METHOD OF BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION THAT

USES MATHEMATICAL PATTERN- RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES ON VIDEO IMAGES OF THE IRISES OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S EYES.

UNLIKE RETINAL SCAN,

IRIS RECOGNITION USES

CAMERA TECHNOLOGY

WITH INFRARED ILLUM

TO ACQUIRE IMAGES OF

THE DETAIL RICH, INTRICATE

STRUCTURES OF THE IRIS.

DIGITAL TEMPLATES ENCODED FROM THESE PATTERNS BY MATHEMATICAL & STATISTICAL ALGORITHMS ALLOW UNAMBIGUOUS POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL.

THE KEY ADVANTAGE OF IRIS RECOGNITION IS THE STABILITY OF THE IRIS AS AN INTERNAL , PROTECTED, YET EXTERNALLY VISIBLE ORGAN OF THE EYE.

THE CORE ALGORITHMS THAT UNDERLIE IRIS RECOGNITION WERE DEVELOPED IN THE 1990s BY PROF JOHN DOUGMAN AT UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE COMPUTER LAB.

AS OF 2008, DAUGMAN`S ALGORITHMS ARE THE BASIS OF ALL COMMERCIALLY DEVELOPED IRIS RECOG SYSTEMS.

FACIAL SCAN THIS TECH LOOKS AT SPECIFIC

PARTS OF THE FACE THAT DO NOT

CHANGE SIGNIFICANTLY OVER TIME,

SUCH AS

- UPPER SECTION OF EYE SOCKETS

- AREA SURROUNDING CHEEK

BONES.

- SIDES OF MOUTH.

- DISTANCE BETWEEN THE EYES.

A COLLECTION OF FACE IMAGES IS USED TO GENERATE A 2D GRAY-SCALE IMAGE TO PRODUCE A BIOMETRIC TEMPLATE.

HIGHLY SENSITIVE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT , SEVERAL CAMERAS AT DIFFERENT ANGLES SHOULD BE USED TO PRODUCE AN EXACT SAMPLE.

TEST FOR LIVENESS- BLINKING OF EYES.

FACIAL RECOGNITION IS GENERALLY SUBJECT TO LARGER MARGINS OF ERROR THAN MORE ESTABLISHED BIOMETRICS SUCH AS FINGERPRINT RECOG.

SIGNATURE DYNAMICS

DYNAMIC SIGNATURE CAPTURES DISTINCT BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL`S SIGNATURE.

INCL SHAPE, SPEED, STROKE, PEN PRESSURE & TIMING INFORMATION.

CONSISTS OF A PEN & A SPECIALIZED WRITING TABLET & ARE CONNECTED TO A LOCAL OR CENTRAL COMPUTER FOR TEMPLATE PROCESSING & VERIFICATION.

INDL MUST SIGN THEIR NAME MULTIPLE TIMES ON THE TABLET.

SYSTEM EXTRACTS UNIQUE FEATURES FROM IT LIKE THE TIME UTILIZED, PRESSURE APPLIED FROM THE PEN, THE SPEED, OVERALL SIZE & VARIOUS DIRECTIONS OF STROKES IN THE SIGNATURE.

KEYSTROKE DYANAMICS

THE KEYSTROKE RHYTHMS OF A USER ARE MEASURED TO DEVELOPED A UNIQUE BIOMETRIC TEMPLATE OF THE USERS TYPING PATTERN FOR FUTURE AUTHENTICATION.

SYSTEM DETERMINES DWELL TIME (THE TIME A KEY PRESSED) & FLIGHT TIME (TIME BETWEEN KEY UP & THE NEXT KEY DOWN)

THE RECORDED KEYSTROKE TIMING DATA IS THEN PROCESSED THROUGH A UNIQUE ALGORITHM, WHICH DETERMINES A PRIMARY PATTERN FOR FUTURE COMPARISON.

VOICE PRINT

OUR VOICE IS UNIQUE BECAUSE OF THE SHAPE OF OUR VOCAL CAVITIES & WAY WE MOVE OUR MOUTH WHILE SPEAKING.

TO ENROLL IN A VOICE PRINT SYS ONE SHOULD SAY THE EXACT WORDS AND PHRASES THAT IT REQUIRES.

DATA USED IN A VOICE PRINT IS A SOUND SPECTROGRAM.

A SPECTROGRAM IS BASICALLY A GRAPH THAT SHOWS A SOUND’S FREQUENCY ON THE VERTICAL AXIS & TIME ON THE HORIZONTAL AXIS.

DIFFERENT SPEECH SOUNDS CREATE DIFFERENT SHAPES WITHIN THE GRAPH.

SPECTROGRAMS ALSO USE COLORS OR SHADES TO REPRESENT THE ACOUSTICAL QUALITIES OF SOUND.

PHASE V

FUTURE TRENDS

THE FUTURE OF BIOMETRICS HOLDS GREAT PROMISE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT APPLICATIONS.

IT IS QUICKLY BECOMING RECOGNIZED AS THE MOST ACCURATE IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE MARKET.

ACCESS CONTROL FACIAL RECOGNITION

BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES WILL PERMIT AUTH USERS ENTRY TO A PROPERTY .

IN FUTURE THE SUBJECT WILL NOT HAVE TO STAND NEAR THE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS.

FACIAL RECOGNITION PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE HIDDEN SURVEILLANCE CAMS WILL BE SET TO MONITOR AN AREA TO ACCURATELY IDENTIFY A SUSPECT AGAINST A DATABASE OF MILLIONS IN A SECOND.

ALERT MANAGEMENT THIS IS A FULLY CUSTOMISABLE COMMAND CENTER TO GUARD AGAINST POTENTIAL SECURITY BREECHES.

CENTER USES REAL-TIME TECHNOLOGIES TO DELIVER SECURITY ALERTS TO MULTIPLE LOCATIONS THROUGH PDA AND OTHER MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES.

FOR BIOMETRICS FIELD TO GROW INDUSTRY STANDARDS MUST EXIST SO THAT THERE IS THE GREATEST COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN APPLICATIONS AND HARDWARE.

CONCLUSION

BIOMETRICS IS THOUGH EXPENSIVE IS A TECHNOLOGY THAT CAN SIMPLIFY THE PROCESS

OF AUTHENTICTION. THE WIDE VARIETY OF PHYSICALLY UNIQUE TRAITS GOD HAS GIVEN US WILL SOON ALLOW US TO LIVE IN A VERY SECURE

PASSWORD-LESS WORLD.

ANY QUESTIONS ???