biology eoct review domain 1: cells n analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and...

Biology EOCT Review

Domain 1: Cells Analyze the nature of the relationships between

structures and functions in living cells

a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction

b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts

c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)

d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (osmosis, diffusion)

Prokaryote or Eukaryote? contains a nucleus eukaryote has a cell wall all prokaryotes, some eukaryotes bacteria are examples of prokaryotes contains ribosomes both can be multicellular eukaryote has membrane –bound organelles eukaryote

When first observing a specimen with a microscope, you should use the:

(a) lower power objective (b) higher power objective and the (a) coarse adjustment (b) fine adjustment Answer: lower power and coarse adjustment If an eyepiece (ocular) lens magnifies 5 X and the

objective magnifies 10 X, what is the total magnification?

50X

State the cell theory.

The cell is the basic unit of life All organisms are made of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells

What are some common characteristics of living things?

Organisms are made of cells Organisms grow and develop Organisms respond to stimuli Organisms produce similar offspring Organisms require food for life processes

(metabolism) Organisms use energy to maintain homeostasis Organisms pass on genetic info to offspring

Provide several examples of homeostasis in animals regulating temperature regulating osmotic balance (water levels) regulating glucose levels removing excess waste regulating salt levels regulating CO2 levels regulating pH levels

Match the following:

1.Chloroplasts a. produce polypeptides (proteins)

2.Golgi bodies b. contains DNA to control cell

3.ribosomes c. transform energy

4.nucleus d. store substances

5.mitochondria e. package and distribute products

6.vacuoles f. capture solar energy for photosynthesis

Answers

1.Chloroplasts f. capture solar energy for photosynthesis

2.Golgi bodies e. package and distribute products

3.ribosomes a. produce polypeptides4.nucleus b. contains DNA to control cell5.mitochondria c. transform energy6.vacuoles d. store substances

Describe differences between passive and active transport.

Passive: movement of substances across the plasma membrane without using energy.

Substances move from high concentration to low.

Examples: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion Active: uses energy and carrier molecules.

Substances move from low to high concentration.

Examples: endocytosis and exocytosis

Red blood cells are placed in a solution, and they shrivel. What term describes the solution?

(a) hypotonic (b) hypertonic (c) isotonic (d) osmotic

Answer (b) hypertonic – the solution has a higher concentration than the cells, and water diffuses out of the cells.

All organic molecules contain _________

Carbon Name the 4 basic types of organic molecules in

living things. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic

acids

Matching Carbohydrates a. made of amino acids

b. made of nucleotides Lipids c. made of fatty acids and

alcohol (glycerol) d. C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Proteins e. include enzymes Nucleic acids f. most energy per gram

g. cellulose

h. DNA and RNA

i. Include the element nitrogen

Answers

Carbs: 1:2:1 ratio of C, H, O, include cellulose Lipids: made of fatty acids connected to an alcohol

(glycerol), most energy per gram, store energy Proteins: made of amino acids, includes enzymes,

include element nitrogen Nucleic acids: made of nucleotides, include DNA

and RNA, include element nitrogen

A cell is placed in a 3% salt solution and it begins to swell.

Which term best describes the solution?

a) isotonic

b) hypotonic

c) hypertonic

d) osmotic

A cell is placed in a 3% salt solution and it begins to swell.

Which term best describes the solution?

a) isotonic

b) hypotonic

c) hypertonic

d) osmotic

Enzymes What is the name of the molecule to which a

specific enzyme binds? substrate Where does the enzyme bind with the substrate? at an active site Enzymes serve to lower the ___________ energy

of a reaction activation Enzymes have particular ______ and _______

ranges at which they are most effective pH and temperature

•Enzymes make chemical reactions occur faster.

•Enzymes are not permanently altered in reactions

•The same enzyme works for the forward and reverse directions of a reaction

•Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate

•Concentration of the enzyme affects rate of reaction

Energy

ATP = adenosine triphosphate

Energy is released when ______ is split into ______ plus _____________.

ATP ADP + phosphate

Photosynthesis Equation? 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis is endergonic, meaning that the products have more energy than the reactants

How are photosynthesis and cell respiration related?

They are the opposite of each other. Photosynthesis involves storing energy from light

6CO2 +6H2O + light C6H12O6 +6O2

Cell Respiration converts energy from food to ATP

C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP (energy) What is the difference between ATP and ADP? ATP has 3 phosphates and more energy. ADP has

released a phosphate and has less energy.

Cellular Respiration and ATP

The main purpose of cellular respiration is to make ___.

ATP What are other products of cellular respiration? water and carbon dioxide What are products of anaerobic respiration? lactic acid or alcohol

WHAT IS MITOSIS?

NUCLEAR DIVISION PRODUCING TWO DUPLICATE CELLS WITH THE SAME CHROMOSOME NUMBER

If a cell with 12 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will each of the two resulting cells have?

12 chromosomes…you are correct !

What process occurs immediately after mitosis?

Cytokinesis

When a cell is not in mitosis or cytokinesis, it is in _____________

Interphase

How does meiosis differ from mitosis?MEIOSIS has PMAT I and PMAT II 4 cells are produced rather than 2 Cells are haploid (one set of chromosomes)

rather than diploid New cells are called gametes (egg cells or sperm

cells)

Domain 2: Geneticsa. Distinguish between DNA and RNA

b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information

c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability

d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and appearance of new traits

e. Compare advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction in different situations

f. Examine the use of DNA in forensics, medicine, and agriculture

DNA AND ITS BASES

How is RNA different from DNA?

RNA is single stranded RNA contains uracil instead of thymine RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

MAKE-UP OF DNA

Important Processes involving DNA and RNA

Replication: DNA makes __________________ an exact copy of itself Transcription: A ___________ copy is made from

DNA mRNA Translation: mRNA and tRNA are used to

assemble _____________ out of ___________ __________.

proteins, amino acids

Genetics

Freckles are dominant (F) A man without freckles marries a

woman who is heterozygous for freckles. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the children?

Answer Father is recessive, ff. Mother

is Ff. Male gametes are all f. Female

gametes can either be F or f Genotypes: Ff and ff. The

children’s phenotypes: ½ with freckles, ½ without.

Two people who have freckles produce a child without freckles. What is the genotype of the

child? mother? father

Child’s genotype: ff Mother’s genotype: Ff Father’s genotype: Ff

In pea plants, tall (T) is dominant to short (t)

In a large batch of offspring from two parents, 50% of the offspring are tall and 50% are short.

What are the parent’s genotypes? (a) TT and tt (b) TT and Tt (c) Tt and Tt (d) Tt and tt

What are some factors that lead to genetic variation? Crossing over during meiosis Mutation Random mating

Gene mutations

Compare substitution, insertion, and deletion mutations

Which of these are considered frameshift mutations?

insertion and deletion are frameshift mutations

Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring that are well suited to their environment

Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity, but at a higher cost (time and energy)

Domain 3: Ecologya. Investigate the relationships among organisms,

populations communities, ecosystems, and biomes

b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by: (1) arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow (2) comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid (3) Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients

c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems

d) Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and power consumption

e) Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions

f) Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions

OrganismOrganism

Population

Population

Community

Community

Ecosystem

Ecosystem

Biome

What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors? Name some of each

Biotic factors are living, abiotic are nonliving. Biotic factors are organisms such as plants,

bacteria, animals, etc. Abiotic factors include temperature, sunlight,

rainfall, etc.

Which biome is this?

Which biome is this?

Density-dependent and density-independent factors

Competition? density-dependent Weather? density-independent Crowding/stress? density-dependent Food and water supply density-dependent

The role that a species plays in its habitat is called its __________

niche

What is an estuary?

where a river meets an ocean

Adaptations in plants

phototropism gravitropism thigmotropism

Hormones such as auxin (cell elongation, bending toward light)

Gibberellins cause plants to grow taller, and increase the rate of seed germination

Domain 4: Diversity

a) Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

b) Compare how structures and functions vary between the six kingdoms (archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia)

c) Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems

d) Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms

Name characteristics of each of the 6 kingdoms. Bacteria: unicellular, prokaryotes, have a cell wall

but no membrane-bound organelles Archaea: same characteristics but live in extreme

environments, different cell wall material Protista: can be unicellular or multicellular,

heterotrophic or autotrophic, with a cell wall or without, live in moist environments

Fungi: unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic, cell wall made of chitin, cells arranged in hyphae

Plantae: always multicellular and autotrophic, cell wall made of cellulose, tissues such as vascular and dermal

Animalia: always multicellular and heterotrophic, no cell wall

Two organisms classified Two organisms classified in the same class must in the same class must also be in the also be in the same_______.same_______.A. familyA. familyB. genusB. genusC. phylumC. phylumD. orderD. order

Answer : Answer : CC