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BiologyEcologyBiomes and Relationships
Ecology
Topics
• Introduction to Introduction to EcologyEcology
• Abiotic & Biotic Abiotic & Biotic factors of an factors of an Ecosystem Ecosystem
• Predator/ Prey Predator/ Prey RelationshipsRelationships
• Symbiotic Symbiotic RelationshipsRelationships
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. What is ecology? What do ecologists study? What is ecology? What do ecologists study?
2.2. Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors. What is their importance in an factors. What is their importance in an ecosystem? ecosystem?
3.3. Identify and describe the following symbiotic Identify and describe the following symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalisms, and relationships: mutualism, commensalisms, and parasitism. parasitism.
4.4. Describe the relationship of a predator to its Describe the relationship of a predator to its
prey.prey.
Ecology – Key TermsEcology – Key Terms
• Ecology Ecology • AbioticAbiotic• BioticBiotic• PopulationPopulation• Community Community • EcosystemEcosystem• Habitat Habitat • Niche Niche • Predator Predator • PreyPrey• SymbiosisSymbiosis• CommensalismCommensalism• ParasitismParasitism• MutualismMutualism• Organism Organism • Biosphere Biosphere
What is Ecology?Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with one Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy; study another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy; study of the structure and functions of natureof the structure and functions of nature
What roles do insects What roles do insects play?play?
Insects751,000
Protists57,700
Plants248,400
Prokaryotes4,800
Fungi69,000
Other animals281,000
Known species1,412,000
What are the Characteristics of Life?What are the Characteristics of Life?
About 1.4 million species have been identified, but estimates of number of species range from 3.6 million to 100 million
Biotic – living components of an ecosystem
Abiotic – Nonliving component of an ecosystem
All things living have the following All things living have the following specific propertiesspecific properties::Cellular organizationCellular organization – – All living things are made All living things are made
up of cells up of cells Metabolism Metabolism - - Organisms obtain and use Organisms obtain and use
energy energy Homeostasis Homeostasis – – Maintain environmentMaintain environmentReproductionReproduction – – Organinisms have offspringOrganinisms have offspringHeredityHeredity – – Organisms pass traits to their Organisms pass traits to their offspringoffspring
Ecosystem Organization OverviewEcosystem Organization Overview
Organisms Any form of life (species)- group of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup and processes, and genetic structure.
Organisms Any form of life (species)- group of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup and processes, and genetic structure.
Populations- Group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area
Populations- Group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area
Communities- Populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time
Communities- Populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time
Ecosystems- Community of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up its nonliving environment
Ecosystems- Community of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up its nonliving environment
Biosphere- Zone of earth where life is found. Sometimes called the ecosphere
Biosphere- Zone of earth where life is found. Sometimes called the ecosphere
Ecosystem ComponentsEcosystem ComponentsThe major components of The major components of
ecosystems are ecosystems are abioticabiotic (nonliving) water, air, (nonliving) water, air, nutrients, solar energy, nutrients, solar energy, and and bioticbiotic (living) plants, (living) plants, animals, and microbes.animals, and microbes.
Niche Niche – How organisms – How organisms interact with each other interact with each other within a community. An within a community. An organism role in the organism role in the ecosystemecosystem
HabitatHabitat is the place is the place where a population or an where a population or an individual organism individual organism usually livesusually lives
Major Biomes and the Role of Climate Major Biomes and the Role of ClimateThe amount of energy The amount of energy received and received and topography of a region topography of a region determines determines climateclimate. .
Terrestrial parts of the Terrestrial parts of the biosphere are classified biosphere are classified as as biomesbiomes, areas such , areas such as deserts, forests, and as deserts, forests, and grasslands. grasslands.
Aquatic life zonesAquatic life zones describe the many describe the many different areas found in different areas found in a water environment, a water environment, such as freshwater or such as freshwater or marine life zones (coral marine life zones (coral reefs, coastal estuaries, reefs, coastal estuaries, deep ocean).deep ocean).
Temperature, precipitation and topography Temperature, precipitation and topography (abiotic factors) determine the vegetation (plants) (abiotic factors) determine the vegetation (plants) and the animals they will supportand the animals they will support
Climate
Long-term average weather patterns 30-1 million years
It is determined by
Average Precipitation
Average Temperature
and
Influence by
Latitude Altitude Ocean Currents
Temperature Controls
Factors that influence ecosystem
Where organisms Live (Habitat)
How Organisms Live (Niche)
What organisms eat (energy flow)
That affects
Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)
Temperate grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Tropical savanna,thorn forest
Tropical scrub forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest
Desert
Ice
Mountains(complex zonation)
Semidesert,arid grassland
Tropic ofCapricorn
Equator
Tropic ofCancer
Biomes of the WorldBiomes of the World
Tropics
Temperate
Polar
Tropical Rainforest Deciduous Forest Taiga
ForestsForests
TundraGrassland Desert
Ice Worlds
Caves
Unique EnvironmentsEnvironments
Mountains
High tideLow tide
Coastal Zone
EstuarineZone
Continentalshelf
Open SeaSea level
Sun
Euphotic Zone
Bathyal Zone
Abyssal Zone
Depth inmeters
0
50
100
200
Ph
oto
sy
nth
es
is
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
Da
rkn
es
sT
wil
igh
t
Aquatic Life Zones-Aquatic Life Zones-Marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere. Examples include Marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere. Examples include freshwater life zones (such as lakes and streams) and ocean or marine life zonesfreshwater life zones (such as lakes and streams) and ocean or marine life zones
Marine Life Zones:
Shallow seas
Open Ocean
Freshwater Life ZonesFreshwater life zones contain less than 1% by volume of salt. These zones include standing (lentic) bodies such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands and flowing (lotic) systems such as streams and rivers.
Freshwater Life ZonesFreshwater life zones contain less than 1% by volume of salt. These zones include standing (lentic) bodies such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands and flowing (lotic) systems such as streams and rivers.
Lentic bodiesLentic bodiesStanding water Lakes Standing water Lakes
are large natural are large natural bodies of standing bodies of standing water found in water found in depressions.depressions.
Rainfall, melting snow, Rainfall, melting snow, and stream and stream drainage feed lakes.drainage feed lakes.
Lakes generally consist Lakes generally consist of four distinct of four distinct zones depending on zones depending on depth and distance depth and distance from shorefrom shore
Lentic bodiesLentic bodiesStanding water Lakes Standing water Lakes
are large natural are large natural bodies of standing bodies of standing water found in water found in depressions.depressions.
Rainfall, melting snow, Rainfall, melting snow, and stream and stream drainage feed lakes.drainage feed lakes.
Lakes generally consist Lakes generally consist of four distinct of four distinct zones depending on zones depending on depth and distance depth and distance from shorefrom shore
Major Characteristics of Freshwater Stream and RiversMajor Characteristics of Freshwater Stream and Rivers The The source zonesource zone is narrow is narrow
and fast moving. It dissolvesand fast moving. It dissolves
large amounts of oxygen from large amounts of oxygen from
air and most plants are air and most plants are
attached to rocks. Light isattached to rocks. Light is
available, but is not veryavailable, but is not very
productive.productive.
The The transition zonetransition zone forms forms
wider, deeper streams thatwider, deeper streams that
flow down gentler slopes. The flow down gentler slopes. The
water is warmer, with morewater is warmer, with more
nutrients and supports morenutrients and supports more
producers, but has slightlyproducers, but has slightly
lower dissolved oxygen.lower dissolved oxygen.
The The floodplain zonefloodplain zone has has
wider, deeper rivers. Waterwider, deeper rivers. Water
temperature is warmer, lesstemperature is warmer, less
dissolved oxygen is present, dissolved oxygen is present,
and flow is slower. and flow is slower.
Flowing Freshwater SystemsFlowing Freshwater Systems
Three aquatic life zones, each with different conditions can Three aquatic life zones, each with different conditions can be identified along stream flow.be identified along stream flow.
Freshwater Life Zones
WetlandsWetlandsTypes:Marshes: dominated by grasses and reeds few treesSwamps: dominated by trees and shrubsPrairie Potholes: depressions carved out by glaciersFloodplain: which receive excess water during heavy rains and floodsTundra: receive excess water during the artic summerSeasonal: Are wetland are only soggy for a short time of the year
Types:Marshes: dominated by grasses and reeds few treesSwamps: dominated by trees and shrubsPrairie Potholes: depressions carved out by glaciersFloodplain: which receive excess water during heavy rains and floodsTundra: receive excess water during the artic summerSeasonal: Are wetland are only soggy for a short time of the year
Importance of wetlandsInland wetlands cover the land for a part of all of Inland wetlands cover the land for a part of all of each year. Wetlands include swamps, marshes, each year. Wetlands include swamps, marshes, prairie potholes, floodplains, and arctic tundra in prairie potholes, floodplains, and arctic tundra in summer.summer.
Scientists also use soil composition and plant life Scientists also use soil composition and plant life to define whether a particular area is a wetland.to define whether a particular area is a wetland.
Wetlands provide a number of free ecological Wetlands provide a number of free ecological services such as filtering toxic wastes/pollutants, services such as filtering toxic wastes/pollutants, absorbing/storing excess water from storms, and absorbing/storing excess water from storms, and providing habitats for a variety of species.providing habitats for a variety of species.
RelationshipsRelationships
Symbiotic RelationshipsSymbiotic Relationships
A relationship in which two species live A relationship in which two species live closely togetherclosely together
MutualismMutualism
CommensalismCommensalism
ParasitismParasitism
Predator / Prey
Symbiotic Species Interactions:Symbiotic Species Interactions:
Mutualism (+/+)Mutualism (+/+)Pollination mutualismPollination mutualismInsectsInsectsNutritional mutualismNutritional mutualismHermit crabs and Hermit crabs and AnemonesAnemones
Gut inhabitant mutualismGut inhabitant mutualismCellulose digesting protozoaCellulose digesting protozoa
Commensalism (+/0)Commensalism (+/0)
Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other.
Example: Small plants growing in shade of larger plants or Hermit crab and Rag worm
Parasitism (+/-)Parasitism (+/-)ParasiteParasite – organisms feeding on or in – organisms feeding on or in another speciesanother speciesHostHost –– organisms fed on by parasitesorganisms fed on by parasitesExternal parasitesInternal parasites
Lifecycle of a Parasite
The head of the The head of the tapeworm is called a tapeworm is called a scolexscolex, and is equipped , and is equipped with hooks and suckers with hooks and suckers which are used for which are used for attaching to the intestinal attaching to the intestinal wall of the host. Adult wall of the host. Adult tapeworms, some tapeworms, some reaching a length of 15 reaching a length of 15 feet, are parasites in the feet, are parasites in the guts of animals and guts of animals and absorb nutrients across absorb nutrients across their body surface. The their body surface. The structures behind the structures behind the head are called head are called proglottidsproglottids..
Prey AcquisitionPrey Acquisition
Example: Example: Killer Whales
Predator AvoidancePredator Avoidance
Span worm
Bombardier beetle Foul-tasting monarch Butterfly
Poison dart frog
When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake
Wandering leaf insect
Hind wings of Io mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal
Camouflage
Chemical Warfare
Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly
Deceptive Behavior
Deceptive Look
Mimicry
Species Interactions – Predation / preySpecies Interactions – Predation / prey
Predator / prey relationships – TundraSavannahOcean
Hunting and Escaping
Predator Avoidance -Predator Avoidance - Camouflage Camouflage
Flatfish on sand, showing ability to blend with background. Protective coloration and camouflage.
American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) camouflaged, Florida.
Crab Spider camouflaged on a Woodland Sunflower.
Predator Avoidance Predator Avoidance MimicsMimics
Viceroy (top) and Monarch (below) Butterflies. Mullerian mimicry.
Ant Mimic Spider (Castianeira variata) with ant.
Moth (Eupterotidae) mimicking a chewed leaf.
Predator Avoidance Predator Avoidance Chemical Warfare and Chemical Warfare and Warning ColorationWarning Coloration
Three-Striped Poison Frog (Epipedobates trivittatus), Tambopata River, Peru.
Monarch caterpillar (Danas plexippus) on Milkweed.
Eastern Coral Snake (Micrurus fulvius), Florida.
Ecology – Key TermsEcology – Key Terms
• Ecology Ecology • AbioticAbiotic• BioticBiotic• PopulationPopulation• Community Community • EcosystemEcosystem• Habitat Habitat • Niche Niche • Predator Predator • PreyPrey• SymbiosisSymbiosis• CommensalismCommensalism• ParasitismParasitism• MutualismMutualism• Organism Organism • Biosphere Biosphere
Organization
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism (species)
Relationships
Symbiosis: Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0) Parasitism (+/-)
Predator Prey
Habitat (location)
Niche (role / job)
Living v. nonliving
Biotic (living)
Abiotic (nonliving)
Organizing key terms:
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