biology 12

Biology 12Project

By Gordon Fraser

B2 – Describe the characteristics of water

• Water as a solvent – Ionically bonded molecules tear apart when placed in water and transported around the water

• Water as a temperature - regulator-Hydrogen bonding in the water help with slowing quick changes in temperature

• Water as a lubricant - Because of the ability to dissolve and regulate temperature water is a perfect lubricant inside organisms

• Water molecules have a positive and a negative side so they all line up creating weak bonds of attraction.

B3- Describe the roll of acids, bases and buffers

• Acid- Separates to release hydrogen• Bases – Realises hydroxide• Buffers – Can lose or acquire an hydrogen or

hydroxide ion.• PH are very important in several human systems like

the blood and are stomach, If the blood is too much of a base or way to acidic it would not be able to carry the oxygen require to keep us running, and if the stomach is not acidic enough we would not be able to break down are food.

B4- Analyse biological molecules.

• Dehydration synthesis is the taking water away from the unit molecules creating the polymers or monomers

• Hydrolysis is adding water to create unit molecules

• Carbohydrates or sugars are used as the main energy sources in are body.

• Stored in are liver• Converted to fat to be stored for later use.

• a simple sugar would start with glucose• If dehydration synthesis occurs if forms

maltose (2 glucose together• If further dehydration synthesis occurs then it

would form a Polysaccharides (3 or more glucose stuck together) which would be a starch, cellulose and glycogen

• Glucose Maltose

Starch and Glycogen

• Starch is the sugar that is formed in plants• Helix shaped- Little branching• Held with hydrogen bonds• Glycogen is a Long term energy storage• Heavily branched• Hydrogen bonded

Cellulose

• Better known as fibre• Holds together plant cell walls• very straight no branching.

Neutral fats

• Neutral fats are found all around your body• Neutral fats are a storage system for energy

• Saturated----

• Unsaturated---

Steroids

• Steroids are found in the reproductive system, in humans they are known as testosterone-males and estrogens- females

• Testosterone-------------------------

• Estrogens ---

Phospholipids

• Holds the cell together as the cell membrane• Found in almost every cell in the body

Proteins and amino acid

• Proteins build and repair cells• Help keep hair, nails and skin healthy• Builds antibodies enzymes

• Amino acid---

Peptide bonds

Protein organization

• Primary are held with peptide bonds• Secondary are held with hydrogen bonds• Tertiary and quaternary are held with sulphur

bonds

RNA

The 4 bases of RNA are:AdenineCytosineGuanineUracilRNA is single stranded with a sugar-phosphate back

bond each nucleotide is filled with a ribose sugar and it’s 4 bases consisting of adenine cytosine and guanine and uracil

DNA

• 4 bases of DNA are• Adenine• Cytosine• Guanine• Thymine• DNA is a double helix shape, with a back done of

sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphates. Each of the bases are paired up adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine.

• DNA RNA

ATP

• ATP is a RNA nucleotide• Adenine base• Adenosine Triphosphate• 3 Phosphates

THE END