biology 106

BIOLOGY 106YNTZE VAN DER HOEK

COURSE SET UP-Biology, 9th or 10th edition, Sylvia Mader

Try on half.com, textbooks.com, valorebooks.com, ebay.com, bookbyte.com etc.

-SyllabusWeek 1 – Chapter 1Week 2 – Chapter 2Week 3 – Chapter 3Week 4 – Chapter 4 & 5Week 5 – Chapter 6,8Week 6 – Chapter 7Week 7 – Chapter 31Week 8 – Chapter 32,33Week 9 – Chapter 34Week 10 – Chapter 36Week 11 – Chapter 37,38Week 12 – Chapter 39Week 13 – Chapter 40Week 14 – Chapter 41

COURSE SET UPWed 21 September: Chapter 1, 2, 3Wed 12 October: Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7, 8Wed 26 October: Chapter 31, 32, 33Wed 23 November: Chapter 34, 36, 37, 38, 39

Final exam ?

A VIEW OF LIFE• Chapter 1

• Defining life• Classification & Evolution• Biosphere organization• The scientific method

DEFINING LIFEWhat do we consider living things, what do these have in common?

E.g. cells: the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.

DEFINING LIFE-Different levels of organization: Atoms, Molecules, Cells….up to Communities, Ecosystems, and Biospheres

REQUIREMENTS• Energy

• E.g. via photosynthesis

• Nutrients

• Metabolism• Homeostasis

BEHAVIOR…what is it?

• Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner

• Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south

• Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals

• Even leaves of plants follow sun

REPRODUCTION Organisms: Live…DieIn between:

REPRODUCTION

In (most) multicellular organisms:• Union of sperm and egg• Cell division, differentiation• Development

• Coded by: genes• DNA• Chromosomes

ADAPTATIONSModifications

Survive climateFind food, mates.... ……. ??

Responses to environmental changes over time

Similarity of organism at basic level and organization indicates:

Descend from same ancestors

EVOLUTION, THE UNIFYING CONCEPT OF BIOLOGY

• organisms very similar at basic level• Suggests living things descended from same ancestor

• Descent with modification - Evolution• Caused by natural selection

CLASSIFICATIONTaxonomy:

Identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules

Taxa: hierarchical levels based on evolutionary relationships

SCIENTIFIC NAMESBinomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo sapiens

UniversalLatin-based

• First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo• Second word is specific epithet of a species within the

genus e.g. sapiens• Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)• Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E.

Coli

BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

EUKARYA

Protists

commonancestor(first cells)

cell with nucleus

PastTime

Present

Photosyntheticprotist

HeterotrophicProtist

Plants

Fungi

Animalscommon ancestor

DOMAINS:\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ THE EUKARYOTE KINGDOMS

KINGDOM: Fungi

Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom

Protists

Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan

• Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms• Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells• Absorb food1

• Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds• Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular)• Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food1 m

KINGDOM: Plants

r

Vulpes, a red fox

KINGDOM: Animals

• Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants• Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells• Photosynthesize food

• Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals

• Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells

• Ingest food

NATURAL SELECTION

ORGANIZATION OF THE BIOSPHEREIndividuals - ??

Species - ??

Population - Members of a species within an area

Community - A local collection of interacting populations

Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment

Biosphere

THE SCIENTIFIC METHODScientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research.

• Begins with raising a question and observation• Hypothesis

• A tentative explanation for what was observed• Developed through inductive reasoning from specific to

general

SCIENTIFIC METHODHypothesis leads to prediction that can be tested through further observations or experimentation

The results are analyzed and interpreted: did it follow the prediction and ‘support’ the hypothesis?

Conclusions

Report in scientific journals

Peers review the findings and the conclusions

Other scientists can then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

SCIENTIFIC THEORYNot the same as in general speech!!

Widely supported by observations, experiments, data etc.

NEXT WEEKBasic chemistry:

Chapter 2

(and if you’ve not done so yet…read Chapter 1)

Plus: We will make a start with Chapter 3