biological control and vegetation management
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Biological Control and Vegetation Management
J.P. Cuda, Ph.D.Associate Professor
Entomology & Nematology DepartmentGainesville, FL 32611-0620
TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Overview of Current ProjectsOverview of Current Projects•• Examine Potential ProjectsExamine Potential Projects•• Questions?Questions?
TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction
What is Biological Control ?• Planned Use of Undomesticated
Organisms to Reduce the Vigor, Reproductive Capacity, or Density of Weeds (DeLoach 1997).
• Four Categories:– Augmentation (Arthropods, Pathogens, Grass Carp)
– Conservation (Arthropods, Habitat Manipulation)
– Importation or Classical (Arthropods, Pathogens)
– Fortuitous (Arthropods, Pathogens)
TACTICS OF INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENTTACTICS OF INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT
BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICAL CULTURALCULTURAL CHEMICALCHEMICAL MechanicalMechanicalPREVENTION
IMPORTATIONIMPORTATION AUGMENTATIONAUGMENTATION CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION INORGANICINORGANICORGANICORGANIC
NATURALNATURAL SYNTHESIZEDSYNTHESIZED NATURALNATURAL SYNTHESIZEDSYNTHESIZED
PERMANENT TEMPORARY
Relative Degree of Sustainability
FortuitousFortuitous
Importation (Classical) BioControl
•• Introduction of Introduction of Host SpecificHost SpecificNatural Enemies from the Natural Enemies from the WeedWeed’’s Native Range to s Native Range to Permanently Suppress the Permanently Suppress the Plant in its AdventivePlant in its Adventive11 RangeRange
11Arrived into a specified geographical region Arrived into a specified geographical region from elsewhere by ANY means.from elsewhere by ANY means.
Conceptual Basis for Classical BC• Native Host Specific Enemies Strongly
Control the Abundance and/or Distribution of Native Plants
• Escape from Host Specific Enemies is a Key Contributor to Exotic Plant Success
• Enemy Escape Benefits Exotics Because They Gain a Competitive Advantage Over Native Plants as a Result of Being Liberated from Their Pests
(Williams 1954)
Objective of Classical BioControl
• Introduce or Apply Natural Enemies to Suppress and Maintain the Density of the Weed at “ACCEPTABLE” Levels
• Biological Control is NOT Eradication
How Does BioControl Work ?
TIME
NU
MB
ER EIL
EDNatural Enemy
Weed
ED
• Weed establishes equilibrium density (ED)* above economic injury level (EIL)**
• Natural enemy lowers ED & maintains it below EIL
*ED - Long term mean density**EIL – Lowest density causing
economic or ecological damage
Advantages of Classical Weed BC
• Minimal Impact on Non-targets• Environmentally Friendly• Classical Biocontrol is Permanent• Suitable for Weeds of Natural
Areas– Minimal Disturbance
Disadvantages of Classical BC
• Control is Not Immediate (5–10 years)• Little Interest in Commercialization• Unpredictable
– Some Natural Enemies Fail to Establish– Some Natural Enemies are Ineffective
BioControl “Pipeline”
Credit: USDA, ARS
New Quarantine FacilitiesUSDA-ARS Laboratory, Ft. Lauderdale
UF/DACS Laboratory, Ft. Pierce
Defining BioControl Success(in Operational Terms)
• Complete- No other control methods are needed
• Substantial- Other methods needed but at reduced level
• Negligible- Other methods arerequired
(Hoffmann 1998)
TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Overview of Current ProjectsOverview of Current Projects
(Habeck et al. 1989, Wheeler et al. 2001)
Brazilian Peppertree (BP)•• Fortuitous Fortuitous BioControlBioControl-- TorymidTorymid Seed Wasp Seed Wasp
Megastigmus transvaalensis
1.1. ThripsThrips-- Damages ShootsDamages Shoots
2. BP Sawfly2. BP Sawfly-- DefoliatorDefoliator
3.3. Seed WaspSeed Wasp-- Attacks FruitsAttacks Fruits
4. Weevil4. Weevil-- Stem/Root FeederStem/Root Feeder
5.5. PsyllidPsyllid-- Galls LeavesGalls Leaves
6. 6. LeafrollerLeafroller-- DefoliatorDefoliator
Brazilian Peppertree 11
22
33
55
66
44
Skunk Vine
Leaf Beetle Adult
Strawberry Guava
Data from Nguyen et al. (1992)
Tropical Soda Apple
Leaf Beetle Adult & Larva
Cogon Grass
Cogan Grass Infestation (left) and Treatment Plot with BioHerbicide
Melaleuca
Climbing Ferns
Adult Moth & Caterpillar
TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Overview of Current ProjectsOverview of Current Projects•• Examine Potential ProjectsExamine Potential Projects
Purple Sesban, Rattlebox
Seed Weevil
J. Hoffmann, Capetown Univ.
Chinese Tallow
Leaf Beetle Adult
Plant Sucking Aphid
E. Siemann, Rice Univ.
Chinese Privet
Weevil Adult & Larva
For More BioControl Info:
http://http://ifasbooks.ufl.eduifasbooks.ufl.edu//
Brazilian Peppertree Management Plan
http://http://www.fleppc.org/Manage_Plans/schinus.pdfwww.fleppc.org/Manage_Plans/schinus.pdf
• 1st Edition of BP Management Plan
– 1997• Revised Management
Plan Completed– April 2006
• 2nd Edition Available– In Print and On-Line:
Traditional & Electronic Publications
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/index.html
Classical Biological Control of Weeds with Insects: Melaleuca Weevil1
J. P. Cuda, S.A. Wineriter, G.R. Buckingham, T.D. Center, and K.T. Gioeli2
http://http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/biocons.htmlplants.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/biocons.html
Web Sites
http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/
http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/
TopicsTopics•• IntroductionIntroduction•• Overview of Current ProjectsOverview of Current Projects•• Examine Potential ProjectsExamine Potential Projects•• Questions?Questions?
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