biological classification. group the following in any way you would like, but justify your grouping!...

Biological Biological ClassificationClassification

Group the following in any way Group the following in any way you would like, you would like,

but justify your grouping! but justify your grouping!

• Frogs• Bears• Ants• Spiders• Bacteria

• Humans• Dolphins• Sharks• Mushrooms• Pine Trees

Why do we Classify?Why do we Classify?

• To group organisms according to similarities

•  Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. 

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

• Binomial Nomenclature - the formal system of naming species. (Bi = two, nomial = names)– Latin is the language in which scientific names are written.

• Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) a Swedish botanist , came up with the b.n. system.

• Aristotle was the first scientist to group organisms based on physical characteristics.

The 3 DomainsThe 3 Domains

Eubacteria Eukaryota

Archaea

The Five Kingdoms

The Three Domains

The 5 KingdomsThe 5 Kingdoms

Fungi

Animalia Plantae

Protista

Monera

The Five Kingdoms

Fungi

Animalia Plantae

Protista

Monera

The Five Kingdoms

7 Levels of Classification 7 Levels of Classification 1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest

7. Species

6. Genus

5. Family 4. Order

3. Class

2.Phylum

1. Kingdom

7 Levels of 7 Levels of ClassificationClassification

Examples of ClassificationExamples of Classification

Common Pond Amoeba• KINGDOM: Protista • PHYLUM: Sarcomastigophora • CLASS: Sarcodina • ORDER: Granulopodea • FAMILY: Amoebidae• GENUS: Amoeba • SPECIES: Amoeba proteus

Examples of ClassificationExamples of Classification

Humans• KINGDOM: Animalia • PHYLUM: Chordata• CLASS: Mammalia • ORDER: Primata • FAMILY: Hominidae • GENUS: Homo • SPECIES: Homo sapiens

Scientific NamesScientific Names

• The GENUS is the 1st word in the scientific name. Always capitalized

Example : Amoeba proteus

Homo sapiens

• The SPECIES is the 2nd word in the scientific name. Always lowercase

Example: Amoeba proteus

Homo sapiens

Phylogenetic TreePhylogenetic Tree• A Phylogenetic Tree is a way to organize living things

and show how they are related.

CladogramsCladograms

• Cladograms are a way to show shared or lost traits between related organisms

How do we know how to How do we know how to classify?classify?

• Similar Structures – The bones in a

bat’s wing are almost the same as the bones in a human hand

• Similar Behaviors– All mammals nurse

their young

• Similarities in genes (DNA sequence or proteins)– Human and

Primate DNA is 99% similar

Evidence for Evidence for Classification/EvolutionClassification/Evolution

• Homologous structures: similar bone structures in different organisms

• Fossil Record: Past organisms can be studied through fossils

• Gene similarities: matching DNA sequences

• Embryology: similar development patterns in unborn species of different species

• Hybridization: ability to successfully interbreed different species.

Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures

EmbryologyEmbryology

HybridizationHybridization