biogeochemical cycles€¦ · biogeochemical cycles ... carbon (c) cycle co 2 glucose glucose...

Biogeochemical Cycles

• Defined:

Movement of

water through

the Earth and its

atmosphere

• 75% of the

Earth is covered

in water

• Less than 1% is

drinkable.

• Most water is

salty or frozen

• Evaporation: Heat changes water from a liquid to a gas

• Transpiration: Water evaporates from the leaves of plants through openings called stomata

Water Cycle Pathway

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Water Cycle Pathway

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• Water vapor starts to cool…condensation occurs

• Condensation: process where water vapor turns into a

liquid

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Water Cycle Pathway

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• Precipitation: Rain, snow, sleet, or hail falls when water drops

become heavy

• Runoff: Water runs down hill into rivers, lakes, streams, oceans…

• Infiltration: Water soaks into the soil and collects as groundwater

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Oxygen Cycle

• Autotrophs: Release O2 into atmosphere by photosynthesis

• Most life needs O2 for cellular respiration

– Creates ATP (energy) for cells

O2

O2

Carbon (C) Cycle

• Plants– Absorb CO2 for photosynthesis– Release glucose (C6H12O6) after photosynthesis

CO2

glucose

glucose

glucose

CO2

CO2

glucose

glucoseglucose

Carbon

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

Carbon (C) CycleCO2

glucose

• Animals– Glucose passed up the food chain– CO2 exhaled into atmosphere

glucose

glucose

CO2

CO2

glucose

glucoseglucose

Carbon

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

Carbon (C) CycleCO2

glucose

glucose

glucose

CO2

CO2

• Decomposers– Obtain glucose by feeding on dead organisms– Carbon released in their waste

glucose

glucoseglucose

Carbon

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

Carbon (C) CycleCO2

glucose

glucose

glucose

CO2

CO2

glucose

glucoseglucose

Carbon• Human Contribution

– Release excess CO2 into atmosphere when fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are burned for energy

– Cycle is out of balance

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

Phosphorus (P) Cycle • Phosphorus needed to make ATP, DNA, lipids

• Problem: No phosphorus in atmosphere

• Step 1: Phosphorus released by weathering of rocks

• Step 2: Producers absorb P through their roots

P

P

P

P

P

Phosphorus (P) Cycle

P

P

• Step 3: Consumers ingest P

• Step 4: Decomposers obtain P when feed on the dead.

• Step 5: Decomposers release P within waste back into soil or water

• Cycle repeats

P

P

P

Phosphorus (P) Cycle

• Human Contribution– Adding

excess P from fertilizers

– P washes into lakes, etc…

– Excess P causes extreme plant & algae growth

PP

P P

PP

Nitrogen (N) Cycle • Nitrogen needed to build nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

• Problem: Nitrogen in atmosphere (N2) is unusable

• Step 1: Bacteria in soil convert N2

into usable forms

• Step 2: Bacteria absorb usable N

• Step 3: Bacteria release N waste into air

N2

Usable N

N

N

N

Usable N

N

Nitrogen fixation

N

Nitrogen (N) Cycle • Step 4:

Producers

absorb N

through their

roots

• Step 5:

Consumers

ingest N

through the

food chain

• Step 6:

Decomposers

obtain N from

dead

organisms…

return N to soil

in their waste

N2

Usable N

N

N

N

Usable N

N

Nitrogen fixation

N

Nitrogen (N) Cycle

• How does lightning help?

– Energy breaks atmospheric nitrogen into Nitrogen oxide

– Nitrogen oxide falls in rain to soil

N2

N2

N2

O2

O2

O2

O2

NN

OO

NNOO

NN

OO

OO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Review1) Name and define the 6 stages of the water cycle.

2) How is oxygen released into the atmosphere?

3) In which cellular process is oxygen removed and used from the atmosphere?

4) What are the 4 major types of organic molecules?

5) In which cellular process is carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere?

6) How are humans disrupting the carbon cycle?

7) Which objects release phosphorus over time?

8) How are humans disrupting the phosphorus cycle?

9) Which organisms help convert gaseous nitrogen into a usable form of nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle?

10) How do plants obtain nitrogen?

11) Of the major molecules that we have studied this year, which ones contain nitrogen and/or phosphorous?