bioethics defined
Post on 11-Nov-2014
347 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Bioethicss
Objectives:
• Define ETHICS & Bioethics
• Trace the birth and development of Bioethics
Outline
• Definition of Ethics• Definition of
Bioethics• Rationale in the
study of Bioethics• Birth of Bioethics
What is Ethics?• Greek word “ethos” –
behavior or custom that is permanent –”ethics”
• Latin’s “mos” or “moris” – “morals”
• Basic human behaviors that are specific & inherent to human beings
• Natural to human which confers and develops goodness in them
What is Ethics?
• A sense of right & wrong from which human actions proceeds
• Study of the morality of the human act (Moral philosophy)
• Guides both speculative & practical intellect in the acquisition of ethical principles in concrete human conduct
What is Ethics?
• ETHICS is the rational inquiry into what constitutes human happiness in the light of human nature as reflected in human conduct empirically and emphatically observed.
What is Ethics?
• Ethics- study of the end of man and of human acts insofar as they are related to that end.
Outline
• Definition of Ethics• Definition of
Bioethics• Rationale in the
study of Bioethics• Birth of Bioethics
What is BIOETHICS?• “ethics of life” or of life
science • Health care ethics, medical
ethics or life ethics • Application of the basic
principles of ethics to the new possibilities opened by modern biology & biotechnology with regard to human life
• Professional ethics in allied health
» Manlangit
What is BIOETHICS?
• Study of human actions of allied health professionals with regards to human life and towards the patient
Rationale in the study of Bioethics
• To address the perennial ethical problems, issues, dilemmas confronting health workers
• To address legal problems in health care with ethical concerns
• To address the challenge of the modern technology
• To address & enhance professional development & ethical values of the health professionals
Outline
• Definition of Ethics• Definition of
Bioethics• Rationale in the
study of Bioethics• Birth of Bioethics
BIRTH OF BIOETHICS
History of Bioethics• Historical Code • Research Ethics• Clinical Ethics• Emerging
technology
Historical Codes
–Greek Philosophers • personhood & virtues behavior
– Hippocrates (5th cent. B.C.)• Hippocratic Oath – “first do no harm”
Historical Codes
• Oath of Maimonides (1200)– Look upon the sick with
empathy & respect– Accept teaching of elders
with med skills– Work for the benefit of the
mankind
Historical Codes
• Percival’s Code 1794–1st code of medical ethics
adopted by group of professional physicians
• American Medical Association Code –Duties & obligations of
physician to pts & to the society & the field of medicine
Hippocratic Oath (400 BC) “DO NO HARM”
• “and abstain from whatever in deleterious & mischievous. I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; & in like manner I will not give to woman a pessary to produce abortion.”
THE TURNING POINT:
• The medical profession had confront new questions, raised directly as a result of extraordinary progress being made in biomedical sciences.
Research Ethics:
• Nazi Experiments. 1940s• Tuskegee Syphilis
Experiment (1930 – 1970)
• Jewish Chronic Disease Study (1963)
• Willobrook Hepatitis Study (1963 – 1966) – New York
Research Ethics: Nazi Experimentation 1940’s
• Nazi Doctors’ horrific experimentation on death camp prisoners
• THE NUREMBERG CODE– Recognizes the subject
Research Ethics: Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (1930 – 1970’s) • 400 Syphilitic black
men in Alabama (1947) • Denied of tx even after
penicillin was introduced in 1947
Research Ethics:
• Jewish Chronic Disease Study (1963)– Tumor cells were injected
into elderly patients w/o permission
• Willobrook Hepatitis Study (1963 – 1966) – New York– Mentally disable children
were intentionally infected with hepatitis.
Research Ethics
• NATIONAL RESEACH ACT 1974
• National Commission for the Protection of Human Subject of Biomedical & Behavioral Research
BELMONT REPORT 1979• 3 fundamental principles
of biomedical research ethics
• Respect for persons• Beneficence• Justice
• Importance of INFORMED CONSENT
Ethical Concerns From Research• Artificial heart
transplantation– (1960) Dr. Denton Cooley’s
artificial heart -- w/o proper ethical & regulatory overview
– 1980: Dr. Copeland – quality of life
• Xenotransplantation – non human to human
CLINICAL ETHICAL ISSUES• 1960: Kidney Dialysis
machine: “God Squad” – based from value – laden, social worth
• New definition of Death by Ad Hoc Committee at Harvard University 1968
CLINICAL ETHICAL ISSUES• Discussion of Demographic
Explosion
• Contraceptive pill by Gregory Pinkus
• Human Vitae 1968
CLINICAL ETHICAL ISSUES
• Dramatic Shift to civil liberties and individual rights (1960 & 1970s)
• Women demanded greater Privacy in Reproductive Decisions
• Patients demanded control over their treatment decisions
CLINICAL ETHICAL ISSUES
• Dramatic Shift to civil liberties and individual rights (1960 & 1970s)
• Women demanded greater Privacy in reproductive Decisions
• Patients demanded control over their treatment decisions
• Artificial Reproductive technology
CLINICAL ETHICAL ISSUES
• End of Life Issues:• Patient Self Determination Act
of 1991• Advance directives & living will
• Right to Die Movement • Oregon Death Dignity
History of Bioethics• Historical Code • Research Ethics• Clinical Ethics• Emerging
technology
QUESTION:
• Which moral criteria must be applied in order to clarify the problems posed today in the field of biomedicine?
IS IT?
QUESTION:
• Which moral criteria must be applied in order to clarify the problems posed today in the field of biomedicine?
ANSWER: Anthropological Vision
• The answer to this question presupposes a proper idea of the nature of the human person in his bodily dimension.
Criteria to Judge Our Ethical Choices
• Need to be founded in an anthropology that contains the objective truth about man… nature of the person… of his or her truth….
• WHAT AND WHO IS THE PERSON!
Outline
• Definition of Ethics• Definition of
Bioethics• Rationale in the
study of Bioethics• Birth of Bioethics
top related