bio 2010 cellular respiration
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Is Yeast Alive?
Investigation of some of thecharacteristics of living things
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Identifying the gas that is produced
Does it prove that it is alive?
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Reactions•blue methylene blue isreduced to a colourless
methlene blue•can be oxidised back toblue
•what needs to be presentto carry out thisreduction/ oxidation
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Are these live or dead yeast cells?
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baker yeast 400x
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Are these live or dead yeast cells?
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baker yeast 1000x
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Are these live or dead yeast cells?
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baker yeast 400x
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Are these live or dead yeast cells?
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baker yeast 1000x
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Growing yeast in agar
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REVISE
• can you still remember?• a 20 MCQ exercise
• write your answers in your journal
• you have 20 mins for this exercise
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Answers to Pre-test•1. B
•2. B
•3. A
•4. D
•5. C
•6. D
•7. A
•8. C
•9. D
•10. D
•11. A
•12. D
•13. B
•14. B
•15. B
•16. D
•17. A
•18. C
•19. B
•20. D
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Topical Enduring
Understanding1# )hange in the for$ of any $atter involves energy#
2# -urvival of the %iological syste$ depends on the
conversion of energy fro$ one for$ to another#3# )hanges in the organis$ are dependent on its
environ$ent#
4# .iving organis$s re/uire $atter and energy to
$aintain its co$ple*ity and organisation#5# 0nergy flo' in %iological processes o%eys the la's of
ther$odyna$ics#
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Matters, System &Organisation
•Macromolecules
•Photosynthesis
•Respiration
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Unit Essential Questions &hy do 'e need to respire?
Do the structure and organisation of the living
system change when energy is released from
them?
How are respiratory systems of animals
organised efficiently to carry out its functions?
Can there be any metabolism without enzymes?
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, %nswer this on your own in your journal. (5 mins
, !iscuss as a class ("# mins
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Unit Enduring
Understanding1# .iving organis$s release energy 'ithin the %iological
$olecule into for$s they can use to carry out life
processes#
2# rocess of the release of energy is affected %y
e*ternal environ$ent#
3# he structure and organisation of the respiratory
syste$ is dictated %y the function that it serves#
4# eta%olic path'ay is a se/uence of eny$e
controlled reactions#
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ENERGY•How is the energy “generated” in yourbody?
•Do plants respire? Is the processsimilar to that of Man?
•Compare the energy conversion in plant
and in Man.
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Key Understanding1.Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It canonly be converted from one form into another.
2.Respiration is the process by which livingorganisms convert energy into forms they canuse to carry out life processes.
3.Some organisms can respire aerobically aswell as anaerobically.
0 i
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he %odies energy$aing reaction needs si$ilar
things to the energy$aing process of fire#.ie fire the %ody needs o*ygen and a fuel#
+and the fuelfuel :in the for$ of
digested food; co$es courtesy of
the digestive syste$#
0nergy$aing process
the oxygenoxygen is
supplied %y the
%reathing
syste$
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0 i
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
herefore the ra' $aterials for the energy$aing
process eventually arrive at the %ody cells#
his energy$aing process is no'n as###
! " # $ % & $ O ' ! " # $ % & $ O '
0ach living cell is supplied 'ith food and o*ygen in
order to generate energy#
o*ygen
%lood
food++
capillary
$uscle cell
0nergy$aing process
& t d t
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
=o che$ical reaction is 1> efficient#
herefore as 'ell as producing the useful energy respirationalso produces 'aste products#
hese 'aste products
$ust %e re$oved fro$
the %ody#
his is e*actly 'hat happens
&aste products
If the process of %reathing in is used to o%tain the @2
for respiration it 'ould $ae sense for the %ody touse the process of %reathing out to re$ove these
'aste products of this reaction#
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Cellular Respiration
•The process by which organisms break downenergy rich molecules (eg. glucose) to releasethe energy in the ATP form.
• Overall equationfor aerobic respiration of glucose:
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• glucose + oxygen carbon + water + large amou
• dioxide of energy
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• Involves three metabolicstages:-
• 1 Glycolysis• (cytoplasm)
• 2 The Krebs Cycle
• (mitochondrial matrix)
•• oxidative phosphorylation
• (inner membranes of
mitochondrion)
Cellular Respiration
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Mitochondria
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Cellular Respiration
Diagram from Biozone Senior Biology 1
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• 1. Glycolysis
- occurs in the cytoplasm- involves breakdown of glucoseinto 2 molecules of pyruvate
Outline of cellular respiration
2. Krebs Cycle
- occurs in the mitochondrion matrix- decomposes a derivative of pyruvateto carbon dioxide
(
3. Electron transport and oxidative
phosphorylation- occurs in the inner membrane of themitochondrion
- Accounts for almost 90% of the ATPgenerated by respiration
)
*
Diagram from Advanced Human and Social Biology : Student’s Art Notebook
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• he acetyl grouppasses into a cyclicreaction and co$%ines'ith a 4 car%on$olecule to fro$ a 6
car%on $olecule#• he )o+ is released for
reuse#• -uccessive steps in the
cycle re$ove car%onas car%on dio*ide#
Krebs cycle
Diagram from Biological Science 1 by N..!. "reen# ".$. Stout# D. %. &aylor# 'ambridge (niversity ress
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Electron Transport System
Diagram from Advanced Human and Social Biology : Student’s Art Notebook
• 1 =+D( yields 3 +
• 1 A+D(2 yields 2 +
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Summary of ATP production
Diagram from Biological Science 1 by N..!. "reen# ".$. Stout# D. %. &aylor# 'ambridge (niversity ress
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41 %dvanced uman and $ocial 'iology $tudent)s %rt *otebook
AdenosineTriphosphate
+ is a convenient store of
energy for a cell %ecause
, it stores energy in
relatively s$all a$ount#, it is /uicly hydrolysed in a
onestep reaction to
release energy#
, it is easily $oved aroundinside cells %ut cannot
pass through cell
$e$%ranes#
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Formation of ATP
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Oxygen consumption of mitochondria
interactive experiment+,
http!""'''#cells#de"cellseng"1$edienarchiv"Bellfuntionen"
e$%Corg"Bellat$ung"+t$ungsativitaet"inde*#<sp
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Online Respiration Matching Game
http!""'''#/uia#co$"$c"18211#ht$l
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&hat is respiration?
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
0nergy
de$ands
@*ygen
availa%le
Aor$ or
respiration&hatEs happening?
beforelo' high aero%ic
during
high lo' " none aero%ic
:%ut slo'ing;
after dropping none " lo'
??
&hat is respiration?
&hat is respiration?
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
??
(o' can the %ody perfor$ aero%ic
respiration in this situation?
+ero%ic respiration re/uires o*ygen %ut 'hen you have
%een running a race or doing strenuous e*ercise you
cannot inhale enough o*ygen for this reaction#
Flucose G @*ygen )ar%on Dio*ide G &ater G !nergy
his process fails
ut if this process fails 'hen the o*ygen levels drop the
%ody 'ould %e left 'ith a%solutely no energy#
at s esp at o
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
&ith aero%ic respiration the cells supply of o*ygen and
food is relatively constant#
o*ygen
food
cell%lood
&hen this supply is
cut off the cell is left
'ith e*cess food and
lacs energy#
It solves this pro%le$ %y $aing energy fro$ <ust the food
alone
+naero%ic respiration
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
=o' %ecause it is releasing energy fro$ food it is still
perfor$ing respiration#
ut it is not aerobic respiration %ecause there is
nono o*ygen present# :aero $eans of air ;
herefore 'e call it %'%!OB$C%'%!OB$C respiration#
he energy %eing $ade %y %reaing do'n the food
'ithout o*ygen#
his see$s a %etter process
o %e a%le to $ae energy 'ithout needing o*ygen 'ould
%e very %eneficial#
(o'ever there is a pro%le$#
p
+naero%ic respiration
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
He$e$%er the last ti$e you ran a race carried a heavy
'eight or s'a$ under 'ater for too long and ran short
of %reath#
It pro%a%ly felt unco$forta%le#
&ell if anaero%ic respiration 'as as efficient as it
sounds this lac of co$fort 'ould not happen#
p
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+naero%ic respiration
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
Flucose .actic +cid G :so$e;
0nergy
his 'aste product is no'n as L%C&$C %C$D#
herefore the e/uation for anaero%ic respiration is
fro$ the digestive
syste$
'aste
product
not as $uch energy
as 'ith aero%ic
respiration
Jou 'ill notice that this reaction is only an option for short
periods of ti$e#
his is %ecause the 'aste product is har$ful and not
enough energy is $ade to satisfy the %ody#
p
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&hy is lactic acid so har$ful?
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
If you 'ant to consider the full i$pact of da$age caused
%y the presence of lactic acid <ust re$e$%er that the
heart is $ade of $uscle cells
his leaves us 'ith a pro%le$###
if 'e 'ant to do e*ercise
&e 'ant the energy
that anaero%ic
respiration produces
-!" 'O
-o the ans'er is for anaero%ic respiration to %e a KgapfillE
during periods of very lo' " no o*ygen availa%ility#
y
ut 'e donEt 'ant the
lactic acid 'aste
product
+naero%ic respiration
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
ti$e
o*ygen
levels
rest
e*ercise
e*ercise
stops
aero%ic
anaero%ic
+naero%ic respiration eeps our %odies going until 'e
can %reathe in $ore o*ygen again#
&hilst 'e are perfor$ing anaero%ic respiration our
%odies are %uilding up a Kde%tE of o*ygen#
.actic acid
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
his is rather lie o'ing the %an so$e $oney#
@nce you get so$e $oney you have to pay off thatde%t#
&e can thin of that de%t as %eing the presence oflactic acid in the %ody#
.actic acid
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
&hen our %odies convert
fro$ aero%ic to anaero%ic
respiration 'e start
$aing lactic acid#
+s soon as this %egins the%ody starts %uilding an
oxygen debt#
his is e/uivalent to the
a$ount of o*ygen it 'ould
have used if aero%ic
respiration had continued#
.actic acid
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oard'ors .td 23of 74
his o*ygen de%t 'ill have to %e repaid 'hen the e*ercise
stops#
@*ygen 'ill %e used to %rea do'n the lactic acid that is
present in the %ody#
he o*ygen Ko*idisesE the lactic acid#
In fact the lactic acid is o*idised into car%on dio*ideand 'ater#
In this 'ay the process of aero%ic respiration can %e converted into
he process of anaero%ic respiration 'hich can then turn %ac into###
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Anaerobic Respiration
•All organisms can metabolize glucoseanaerobically (without O2) using glycolysis in
the cytoplasm, but the energy yield is very
low and it produces much more toxic wasteproducts.
•In yeast and plants, alcoholic fermentation
occurs.•In animals, production of lactic acid.
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•Muscle cells can respire anaerobically forshort periods of time when there is ashortage of oxygen. It incur an oxygen debt.
•Oxygen debt is the amount of O2 required tooxidise the lactic acid produced
•Lactic acid is produced which causes fatigue
•Lactic acid is transported to the liver andconverted back into glucose when the body isno longer short of O2.
Anaerobic Respiration
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Overall Equations for Anaerobic Equations
•Plants & Yeast
•C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2 + energy
•glucose ethanol + carbon + smallamount
• dioxide of energy
•Animals•C6H12O6 C3H6O3 + energy
•glucose lactic acid + small amount
• of energy
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Photosynthesisvs
RespirationHow are they different and similar?
BASICdiff
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BASIC differences
#hotosynthesis espirationroduces sugars for energy urns sugars for energy
0nergy is stored 0nergy is released
@ccurs only in cells 'ithchloroplasts
@ccurs in $ost cells
@*ygen is produced @*ygen is used
&ater is used &ater is produced
)ar%on dio*ide is used )ar%on dio*ide is produced
He/uires light @ccurs in dar and light
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StructureChloroplast .itochondrion
Inner e$%rane 0lectron and (G iontransport
+ -ynthesis
0lectron and (G iontransport
+ -ynthesis
Direction of (G ionstransport
@utside to Inside Inside to outside
)ar%on reactions D=+ -tro$a atri*
Inner
e$%rane
atri*
-tro$a+nrichment
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ATP Synthesis
#hotosynthesis espiration
u$ps (G ions Jes Jes
(G gradientdrives +for$ation
Jes Jes
+ synthase Jes Jes
+nrichment
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References
•http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~dcp/bio113a/ch910comp.ht
ml•http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plant_Biology/photopart.html
•http://www.skoool.co.uk/lgfl/keystage3.aspx?id=63
•http://www.aw-bc.com/mathews/ch17/fi17p4c.htm
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How different?%erobic
i ti
%naerobic
i ti
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/ith regard to
0lucose
Oxygen
!nergy produced
Flucose co$pletelyo*idised
respiration respiration
Conclusion1 $nterpretation2
+ero%ic respiration is the %reado'n of CCCCCCCCCCCCC in the
presence of o*ygen 'ith the release of a CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC of energyin CCCCCCCCCCCC cells#
+naero%ic respiration is the %reado'n of food su%stances 'ith the
release of a CCCCCCCCCCCCCC of energy in the CCCCCCCCCCCC of
i li i ll
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